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Advances in Impinging Stream Processing of Agricultural and Biological Products
Published in Arun S. Mujumdar, Hong-Wei Xiao, Advanced Drying Technologies for Foods, 2019
Somkiat Prachayawarakorn, Sakamon Devahastin, Somchart Soponronnarit
GABA is a nonprotein amino acid that is primarily synthesized through the decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid, with glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) enzyme as the catalyst. It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord of mammals. It also exhibits other important physiological functions such as reduction of blood pressure, prevention of chronic alcohol-related diseases, inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. GABA can be produced and accumulated during germination of various kinds of cereal grains. Physiological stresses such as heat shock and hypoxia have been used to stimulate plant stress defense mechanisms and hence the enhanced production of plant secondary metabolites, including GABA. Such mechanisms involve an increase in cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration, which in turn forms complexes with calmodulin (CaM) (Sanders et al., 1999). Ca2+/CaM leads to reduced cytosolic pH and consequently activates GAD (Kinnersley and Turano, 2000).
Manual emptying of ventilated improved pit latrines and hygiene challenges - a baseline survey in a peri-urban community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Lorika S. Beukes, Stefan Schmidt
E. coli was enumerated in four soil samples from areas where the soil was ingested and areas where open defecation occurred at households D2, D3, and D5, using a previously reported MPN method (Mdluli et al. 2013). However, one milliliter of saline solution from samples other than soil was pre-enriched in 9 ml of LST broth for 24 h at 35°C. Presumptive E. coli isolates obtained from soil samples, wet wipes, facemasks, and inner gloves were confirmed using prescribed biochemical tests (GIMViC). In addition, presumptive E. coli isolates from soil samples were confirmed via PCR based amplification of the gadA gene (glutamate decarboxylase A) as reported previously (Gemmell and Schmidt 2012). MPN values for E. coli were established according to de Man (1983) and expressed as log10 MPN/g of soil.