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Terpenoids Against Cardiovascular Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
With its extensive spectrum of pharmacological activities, Gingko biloba could be beneficial for the protection against CVDs in addition to fighting against kidney injury, depression, liver injury and cognitive disorders (Lim and Park, 2013). Seventy percent of all Gingko biloba plants worldwide are present in China and the leaves of Gingko biloba are utilised in the diet there (Zhou et al. 2012). Ginkgolides such as A (GA), B (GB), C (GC), J (GJ) and M and bilobalide (BB) are substances found in the leaves of Gingko biloba (Mota, 2016). Ginkgolides are compounds with a tetrafuran nucleus and a butyl radical and three lactonic cycles (Cunha, 2006). Ginkgolide B is utilised experimentally as a platelet-activating factor (PAF)–receptor antagonist (Simmons, 2007). It has been studied in animal models of shock, asthma and I/R (Simmons, 2007). The pharmacological effects of ginkgolide B and G. biloba extracts are diverse, but a vital effect is their activity as antagonists of PAF (Simmons, 2007). Ginkolides A–C are isolated by large-scale methanolic extraction followed by liquid–liquid partitions, column chromatography and repeated crystallisations (Simmons, 2007).The composition of this plant is diverse and includes sesquiterpenes, proanthocyanidins, proteins, fatty acids, phytosterols, vitamin C, isorhmnetin, riboflavin and carbohydrates as well as from 0.9% to 3.7% bioflavonoids (e.g., kaempferol, ginkgetol, quercetin derivatives) (Mota, 2016). The Gingko biloba extract contains terpenetrilactones (5–7%) and flavonoids (22–24%) (Kaur et al. 2012). Gawron-Gzella et al. (2010) reported that the compounds found in the extract of this plant improve anti-ischemic, blood circulation through peripheral, cerebral blood vessels, decrease vascular permeability, anticonvulsant and selective antagonism of PAF. Being utilised in CVDs and cerebral vascular insufficiency, the Gingko biloba extract has a curative characteristic as a stimulator for the secretion of endothelial vasodilating factor and as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation (Kaur et al. 2012). The extract intensifies capillary resistance and oxygenation of tissues, blocks lipid peroxidation due to free radicals, improves resistance and reduces vascular permeability while playing vital roles in platelet aggregation and as a peripheral vasodilator (Cunha, 2006).
Protective effects of natural compounds against paraquat-induced pulmonary toxicity: the role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Hasan Badibostan, Nastaran Eizadi-Mood, A. Wallace Hayes, Gholamreza Karimi
Ginkgo biloba has been used as a traditional herbal remedy for many years in China. The anticancer and cardioprotective effects of this herbal plant have been reported (Gao et al. 2016; Zhou et al. 2022). Ginkgolide C (GC) is a member of the structurally unique family of diterpenoids extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaf (Vogensen et al. 2003). The effect of GC on acute lung injury (ALI) induced by PQ has been demonstrated by Zhang et al. (2022). GC significantly inhibited polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration after PQ poisoning. In addition, histopathological damage, ultrastructural changes, and hypoactivity of lung tissue induced by PQ were ameliorated. The results also suggested that GC-activated Nrf2-based cytoprotective enzymes such as CAT and SOD (Zhang et al. 2022).