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Production of Organic Acids from Agro-Industrial Waste and Their Industrial Utilization
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Parmjit S. Panesar, Valorization of Agro-Industrial Byproducts, 2023
Navneet Kaur, Parmjit S. Panesar, Shilpi Ahluwalia
Fumaric acid, also known as (E)-2-butanedioic acid, generally occurs in the form of a white crystalline solid and possesses little acidic taste with no odour. It is a trans-C4-dicarboxylic acid that is formed naturally as an intermediate in the TCA cycle. It derives its name from the plant Fumaria officinalis from which it was initially extracted. The fermentation production of fumaric acid was first carried out by Ehrlich in 1911 using the fungi Rhizopus nigricans (Straathof and Gulic, 2012; Das et al., 2016; Naraian and Kumari, 2017). It is chemically synthesized from maleic anhydride, which is a petroleum derivative, and due to the increase in petroleum prices, the price of fumaric acid has also increased. Therefore, the fermentation production of fumaric acid employing renewable substrates has gained attention. The process is cheap and environment friendly as it results in carbon dioxide fixation (Straathof and Gulic, 2012).
Metabolic Engineering for the Production of a Variety of Biofuels and Biochemicals
Published in Kazuyuki Shimizu, Metabolic Regulation and Metabolic Engineering for Biofuel and Biochemical Production, 2017
Fumaric acid was isolated from plant Fumaria officinalis, from which its name originates (Roa Engel et al. 2008). Fumaric acid (2-butenedioic acid trans; 1,2-ethylenecarboxylic acid) is a symmetric dicarboxylic acid, and is currently produced chemically from maleic anhydride, which is produced from butane in petrochemical processes. Fumaric acid is 1.5 times more acidic than citric acid, and therefore, it is commonly used as a food acidulant and beverage ingredient (Yang et al. 2011). Fumaric acid has a double bond and two carboxylic groups, and therefore, can be used as starting material for polymerization and esterification reactions in the production of resins. Fumaric acid is non-toxic and provides special properties like hardness in the polymer structure as compared to other carboxylic acids. Other than the application to polymerization, fumaric acid can be also used as a medicine to treat psoriasis, a skin condition (Altmeyer et al. 1994, Mrowietz et al. 1998), where psoriatic individuals are unable to produce fumaric acid in the skin. Thus, they need to take orally fumaric acid in the form of fumaric acid monoethyl or dimethyl ester to treat such disease. Another application is the supplement for the cattle feed in the diet (Mcgginn et al. 2004). Compared to the dicarboxylic acids such as malic acid and succinic acid, fumaric acid has a low aqueous solubility (7 g/kg at 25°C, 89 g/kg at 100°C) (Stephen 1965), and less pKa values (3.03 and 4.44) (Lohbeck et al. 1990), which are preferred from the point of view of product recovery due to low solubility (Roa Engel et al. 2008). In general, the prices of L-malic acid and L-aspartic acid are 1.5-2 times that of fumaric acid, and thus fumarate may be also used as substrates (sodium fumarate or ammonium fumarate) for such production (Goldberg et al. 2006), where L-aspartic acid is an essential raw material for nutritive sweetner known as aspartame (Ager et al. 1998).
Enzyme Catalysis
Published in Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark, Biochemical Engineering, 1997
Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark
Fumaric acid was formerly manufactured by fermentation, but is currently made chemically from aromatic hydrocarbons. A simple inorganic salts/sugar medium with Rhizopus was employed. Calcium fumarate precipitated from the fermentation broth, simplifying the recovery process.
Supramolecular assembly in designing co-crystals of fumaric acid and pyrimidine/picolinate derivatives
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Sevgi Kansız, Mohammad Azam, Necmi Dege, Nihal Ermiş, Saud I. Al-Resayes, Mahboob Alam
Fumaric acid, the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, is abundantly found in nature (23) and acts as an essential intermediary in the formation of organic acids as an adduct with a wide range of amines, resulting in a variety of fascinating one-, two-, and three-dimensional supramolecular structures (23). Moreover, fumaric acid is an essential part of the paper and food industries because of its role in the manufacture of polymeric materials and as an important component of cell culture medium (24,25). Pyrimidine and its derivatives are biologically essential compounds that occur naturally as nucleic acid components and have a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidepressant effects (26–30). Meanwhile, pyridines and pyrimidines are commonly used in the field of crystal engineering due to their flexibility. The well-known synthons HT (hetero-trimers) and LHT (linear hetero-tetramers) are formed in the presence of pyrimidines and carboxylic acids (31–33).
Effect of maltodextrin and gum arabic on antioxidant activity and phytochemical profiles of spray-dried powders of sapota (Manilkara zapota) fruit juice
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
Hannah Caroline Santos Araujo, M. S. Jesus, M. T. S. Leite Neta, N. C. Gualberto, C. M. S. Matos, M. Rajan, G. Rajkumar, J. P. Nogueira, N. Narain
Observing the graph shown in Figure 1, it can be verified that there was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the samples. Moreover, it is also possible to verify that the only organic acid quantified was the fumaric acid. The fumaric acid is widely used in several industrial segments, being applied in synthetic resins and biodegradable polymers in the polymer industry, as an acidulant and food beverage ingredient in the food industry and as an antibacterial agent in the pharmaceutical industry.[34]