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Picometer Detection by Adaptive Holographic Interferometry
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, Fundamentals of PICOSCIENCE, 2013
The C60 molecule is a stable carbon-based cluster since carbon clusters were examined by mass spectrometry [1-4]. Carbon clusters were produced by arc discharge from graphite electrodes, laser ablation of carbon, and combustion of hydrocarbons [4-7]. The C60 molecule, named the buckminsterfullerene, was clearly identified by Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, and Harold Kroto and they proposed its structural, electronic, and chemical properties as shown in Figure 35.1 [1]. After a decade of studying mass-selected C60, the synthesis of a macroscopic amount of this material became possible in 1991 with chromatographic separation [8]. This success led to a new field of fullerene chemistry and fullerenes have become building blocks of nanomaterial science. C60 has been covered widely in many review articles, and hence we mainly cover herein the topics of the electronic and geometric structures and electronic applications.
Abnormal characteristics of binary molecular clusters in DMSO–ethanol mixtures under external electric fields
Published in Molecular Physics, 2018
Since Gedye et al. [1] found that microwaves can accelerate organic synthesis in 1980s, researchers believed microwaves also could enhance reaction rate remarkably in many reactions, including cycloaddition reactions [2], the synthesis of radioisotopes [3], fullerene chemistry [4] and catalytic reaction [5–7]. For the successful reactions with rapidly enhanced reaction rate, product yields and product purities, researchers insisted initially that the enhancement under microwave irradiation attributed to the microwave thermal effects [8]. However, along with the development of researches, even in the condition where reaction temperature remains constant, it was interesting to observe that some reactions still rapidly enhanced. Then, quite a few researchers believed that there existed some abnormal phenomena during the process of microwave irradiation [7–10], which could not be described by temperature, as called ‘microwave non-thermal effects.’ Unfortunately, further development of microwave irradiation applications is restricted, as the mechanism of abnormal phenomena is still unclear.