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2 Utilization
Published in S. Komar Kawatra, Advanced Coal Preparation and Beyond, 2020
Formic acid’s direct uses are primarily in the realm of silage for animal feed or products, or for the processing of leather and textiles. Its primary action in these processes tends to be its acidity, though in leather working its activity as a solvent is also valuable. Formic acid can also be used as the precursor to many industrial chemicals. The preparation of formamides or formates from formic acid is direct, and these have considerable uses as solvents and reagents (Hietala et al., 2016).
Physical Properties of Individual Groundwater Chemicals
Published in John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton, Environmental Chemicals Desk Reference, 2017
John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton
The titanium-mediated photocatalytic oxidation of a pyridine solution was conducted by Low et al. (1991). They proposed that the reaction of OH ⋅ with pyridine was initiated by the addition of a OH ⋅, forming the 3-hydro-3-hydroxypyridine radical followed by rapid addition of oxygen, forming 2,3-dihydro-2-peroxy-3-hydroxypyridine radical. This was followed by the opening of the ring to give N-(formylimino)-2-butenal which decomposes to a dialdehyde and formamide. The dialdehyde is oxidized by OH ⋅, yielding carbon dioxide and water. Formamide is unstable in water and decomposes to ammonia and formic acid. Final products also included ammonium, carbonate, and nitrate ions.
Synthesis of cellulosic and nano-cellulosic aerogel from lignocellulosic materials for diverse sustainable applications: a review
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Anisha Ganguly, Soma Nag, Kalyan Gayen
Sivaraman et al., used the CNF extracted from Picea abies and Pinus sp., as the raw material for producing super-insulating nanocellulose aerogel. Supercritical drying was used for cellulose hydrogel. Almost 10% shrinkage in cellulose aerogel (<1 wt% biomass) was observed after cellulose dying. Furthermore, aerogel shrinkage increases with a decrease in the weight percentage of the cellulose.[68] In a similar study, supercritical drying was used for drying the cellulose hydrogel. Ionic solvent and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) were used as the solvent for cellulose dispersion. Cellulose dispersion time dropped to 3 min from 12 hr with the addition of DMF in an ionic solvent. Furthermore, the addition of DMF decreased the moisture sensitivity of the ionic solvent.[69]
FTIR Spectra of pure components and their binary liquid components (Binary mixtures of formamide with aniline, N-methyl aniline and N,N-dimethyl aniline)
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
P. Yella Reddy, T. Srinivasa Krishna, M. Gowrisankar, K. Siva Kumar, Chebolu Naga Sesha Sai Pavan Kumar
Further, the values of ν(CO) bands for the equimolar mixtures of formamide + aniline, formamide+ N-methylaniline and formamide+ N, N-dimethylaniline were in the order of 1711.19, 1683.74 and 1684.16 cm−1 respectively, and their corresponding Δν values of the amide-1 absorption band of formamide (1682.98 cm−1) were 28.21,0.76 and 1.18 cm−1respectively. FT-IR absorption bands of pure compounds are aniline, N-methylaniline, N, N-dimethyl aniline exhibited intense C–N bands at 1276.47, 1317.50 and1347.00 cm−1 respectively and their corresponding Δν values of ν(C–N) absorption band of formamide + aniline, formamide+ N-methyl aniline and formamide + N, N-dimethyl aniline (1309.00,1391.02 and 1388.40 cm−1 respectively) were −32.53, −73.52 and −41.40 cm−1respectively. The frequency shifts are caused by the strong intermolecular interaction like hydrogen bonding between unlike molecules in the binary liquid mixtures. These spectrums are shows in Figures 10–12.
Vesicle formation in aqueous mixture of the cetyltrimetylammonium bromide and an anionic chitosan derivative
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2018
Xiaoyi Yang, Binbin Zhang, Ping Li, Chaohua Guo, Jianbo Li, Xingang Wang
N-decyl chitosan was synthesized by previous reports.[5] The C10-OCHS was prepared by adding 3.0 g N-decyl chitosan in mixed solvent (dimethylformamide 50 mL, formamide 50 mL and dichloroacetic acid 5 mL). Under stirring, gas SO3 was added by bubbling from the bottom of flask. The experiment was performed one hour at 50 °C. When reaction is finished, NaOH (20 wt%) was added in to neutralize the product and the insoluble substance was removed by filtering under vacuum. After that, EtOH (200 mL) was added and the precipitate was produced at once. Then, the precipitate was dissolved in water and dialyzed against deionized water 48 h (the deionized water was changed every two hours). The product was then concentrated by rotary evaporators and dried by vacuum drying oven 48 h. The degree of sulfation (DSS) and alkylate (DSdecyl) of the product respectively were 1.14 and 1% measured by elemental analysis instrument.