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Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries: Anthropogenic Effects, 2019
The total UPAH concentrations in both the clams and worms appeared to be principally a function of the pollutant concentrations in bottom sediments. The most abundant contaminants in the animals were naphthalene, phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. UPAH profiles of the clams paralleled those of the worms. With the exception of one sampling site (i.e., Hawkins Point), clams and worms collected throughout the estuary had no apparent differences in bioaccumulation of t-UPAH when body concentrations were normalized to total extractable lipids. Nereis sampled at Hawkins Point contained less than half of the concentration of t-UPAH observed in Macoma, possibly reflecting the bivalve’s greater enzymatic activities to metabolize xenobiotics in polluted habitats.87 Hence, Nereis at Hawkins Point may have been more successful at biotransforming UPAH to oxygenated products.
Data Interpretation and Evaluation
Published in Katherine Balshaw-Biddle, Carroll L. Oubre, C. H. Ward, Subsurface Contamination Monitoring Using Laser Fluorescence, 2019
Katherine Balshaw-Biddle, Carroll L. Oubre, C. H. Ward
The laboratory data from Groundwater Analytical indicated the presence of 10 semivolatile organics, including anthracene (A), benzo(a)anthracene (Ba), benzo(b)fluoranthene (Bf), benzo(a)pyrene (Bp), chrysene (C), fluoranthene (F), 2-methyl-naphthalene (M), naphthalene (N), phenanthrene (P), and pyrene (Py). p-Xylene (X) was also found in the preliminary site characterization conducted in March 1996. These 11 chemicals were therefore chosen as standards for EEM factor analysis. Solutions of each of the chemicals were made in cyclohexane. For each chemical, a sand standard was made by saturating sand with the solution. The sand used was taken from a “clean” location at CY-4 site so that the particle size of the sand was representative of the site soil texture (sand and silty sand, determined by the particle size analysis conducted by Groundwater Analytical) for the in situ LIF-CPT measurements. No background fluorescence was detected from the sand alone. The concentrations of the standard solutions are shown in Table 5.
Environmental Chemistry
Published in Benjamin Alter, Environmental Consulting Fundamentals, 2019
Five PAHs on the TCL, namely acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, fluorene, and phenanthrene, have molecular structures based on three fused benzene rings. Two PAHs on the TCL, fluoranthene and pyrene, consist of four fused benzene rings. These seven compounds are derived either from the distillation of coal tar, or from incomplete combustion of organic material, especially fossil fuels. When these compounds become fused with another benzene ring, their toxicity greatly increases. The other nine PAHs listed in Table 4.4, beginning with benzo(a)anthracene (an anthracene molecule fused with a benzene ring), are known as the carcinogenic PAHs (CaPAHs). These compounds are known carcinogens, which elevate them to a high level of concern. Their toxicity combined with their ubiquitous appearances in the environment, especially in urban areas, make them the subject of numerous environmental remediations. Benzo(a)pyrene, shown in Figure 4.13, is considered the most toxic of the CaPAHs.
Distribution, sources and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Liuxi River, China
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
Wang Min, Tian Lei, Sun Jingxin, Yutong Zhang, Zhai Hongqin, Li Dong, Wan Lin
Fluoranthene is a tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Studies have found that it may cause DNA damage [23], and has a toxic effect on microalgae [24]. It is also found fluoranthene exposure at the lowest and highest concentrations will induce oxidative stress and DNA damage stress. In addition, some stress responses increased with the rising dose, indicating that fluoranthene exposure has a dose–response relationship. Its oxidative damage was analyzed at high concentration (100 mg/L), as shown in Figure 5. It was found that the TELI values of genes such as sodB, ahpC, soda, gst, grxB and grxA were above 1.5. Among them, sodB and sodA are superoxide dismutases, which resist the oxidation of reactive oxygen by converting superoxide radicals into H2O2 and water. While Gst, grxB and grxA are glutathione reductases, which can catalyse the combination of epoxide halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and toxic metals, etc. with glutathione for detoxification. The above analysis shows that E.coli produced active oxygen free radicals during exposure to fluoranthene, and at the same time induced the process of glutathione reductase, indicating that fluoranthene had strong oxidative damage to E.coli.
Evaluation of Pilot Scale Domestic Wastewater Reuse System in Terms of Irrigation and Industrial Process Waters in Turkey
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2021
Recep Kaya, Turker Turken, Mehmet Emin Pasaoglu, Ayse Yuksekdag, Sevde Korkut, Ismail Koyuncu
Online flow rate, pressure, pH, turbidity and conductivity were measured using integrated probes in the pilot plants. The total organic carbon (TOC) were measured on a Shimadzu TOC-VWP analyser with an ASI-V autosampler. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer, Optima 7000) was used to measure the concentrations of Ni, Cu, Al, B, Si, Pb, Fe and Mn in the feed, UF permeate, RO permeate and concentrate streams. Anion-cation concentrations were measured by using Ion Chromatography (IC, Dionex, ICS-3000) for whole streams. Determination of the other parameters (such as COD, SS, Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli) was carried out with the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, AWWA, and WEF 2005). These parameters were analysed during the operation period. Min, max, average and standard deviation values were reported from the 30 measurements. While FEI Quanta Feg 250 scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to visualize the fouling on the RO membranes, microanalysis of the precipitated elements was carried out in an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). RO membranes were stained with Live/Dead Backlight Viability Kit and then analysed by Nikon C4 confocal microscope to visualize the bacterial fouling on the membrane surface. 15 different target micropollutants were monitored during operation. Cd and Hg analysis completed with Thermo Scientific ICE 3500 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and other micropollutant parameters (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT); dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE); dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD); Aldrin; Dieldrin; Endrin; Isodrin; Heptachlor; Benzo(a)pyrene; Pyrene; Fluoranthene; Benzo(b)Fluoranthene; Benzo(k)Fluoranthene) were measured by using Thermo Scientific TSQ 8000 Evo Triple Quadrupole electron ionization mode Gas Chromatograph-Mass/Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS/MS).
Pilot study on the efficiency of water-only decontamination for firefighters’ turnout gear
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2019
Anthony Calvillo, Erin Haynes, Jeff Burkle, Kenny Schroeder, Angelo Calvillo, Julie Reese, Tiina Reponen
Chemicals that appeared in each group include pyrene, phenanthrene, chrysene, fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene. Each of the listed PAHs can pose serious health hazards, including bronchitis, irritation, dyspnea, and potentially cancer. Chrysene and benzo(a)anthracene are both suspected carcinogens. While benzo(b)fluoranthene is a possible carcinogen, and it is recommended that fluoranthene be regulated as a carcinogen.[9]