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Combustion hazards
Published in J. F. Griffiths, J. A. Barnard, Flame and Combustion, 2019
J. F. Griffiths, J. A. Barnard
Although the effects of a sustained fire are felt over a smaller distance than those of other events, its longer duration may bring about more severe localised heating. The heat transfer rates are very high (up to 200 kW m−2) and very serious damage to nearby equipment and storage vessels may result. A flash fire occurs when a release of flammable material dispersed over a wide area is ignited, and the flame then spreads along the premixed vapour-air layer. The flash fire persists for only a few seconds but, near the source, it may lead to a sustained fire.
Fire Hazards and Associated Terminology
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
Not all fire-resistant clothing is made from the same fabrics. There are multiple different choices available, and no choice is perfect. Each comes with different benefits and hazards. Each organization is best served by choosing the fabric that will be most suited to its needs and working environment. There are three broad categories of workers who should wear flame-resistant clothing for protection, based on the type of hazard to which the workers would be exposed while completing their work. The three primary hazards are (Ashley, 2017): Electric arc: People who are exposed to this hazard include electricians, as well as certain utility workers and others.Flash fire: This category includes pharmaceutical and chemical workers, as well as those who work in refineries and other industries.Combustible dust: This category includes workers in food processing plants, and in the paper and pulp industry, among others.Here are a few of the common fibers with inherent flame-resistant qualities commonly used to create FR clothing (Ashley, 2017). Modacrylic: These are the most popular and common option available today. These fibers are often used as part of a blend to create several different flame-resistant fabrics. These various combinations of fibers work together to create fabrics that can easily stand up to several types of standards and regulations.Nomex: This is another type of fiber that has inherent flame-resistant qualities. Unlike modacrylic fibers, Nomex can create FR garments on its own. It doesn’t have to be a standalone, however. It can also be combined with other materials such as Kevlar.Kevlar: These fibers are certainly flame-resistant, but have many other additional properties such as high strength. Kevlar can create flame-resistant clothing, as well as many other different items. When used to make FR clothing, Kevlar is often combined with Nomex.Each type of flame-resistant fabric will come with its own pros and cons. Kevlar, for instance, is extremely heavy-duty, but consequently comes with a high price tag. There are no specific flame-resistant clothing dangers, however, and all are designed to protect the wearer from hazardous heat-based conditions.
Pre-ignition detection and early fire detection in mining vehicles
Published in Mining Technology, 2021
In the cases where an oil leak or spray was observed, the vehicle shut down or where the vehicle malfunctioned, lost power, etc., a clear majority of the cases occurred in the exhaust/turbo region or the engine bay and oil onto a hot surface was the dominating fire cause. In the cases where the initial trace consisted of a noise or a bang, the compressor and receiver tank – other than the exhaust/turbo region and engine bay – were frequently found in the summaries. A flash fire was the most common fire scenario involving the compressor and receiver tank. A flash fire could be detected early – possibly prior to ignition – by applying gas sensors in the compressor and receiver tank area, detecting gaseous products from flammable liquids with lower flashpoints.