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Metal Manufacturing Processes and Energy Systems
Published in Swapan Kumar Dutta, Jitendra Saxena, Binoy Krishna Choudhury, Energy Efficiency and Conservation in Metal Industries, 2023
Swapan Kumar Dutta, Binoy Krishna Choudhury
As most of the emissions of metals industry are from the ferrous processes, several techniques are in progress to drastically reduce such emissions and make the production line much greener. For example, the Finex process is a lower-cost, more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional blast furnaces for producing hot metal. Widespread participation in programs to reduce CO2 emissions such as ULCOS in Europe, Course 50 in Japan and the AISI CO2 Breakthrough Program in North America, are among the noteworthy efforts. HIsarna and HYBRIT processes have been mentioned in this chapter. Successful trial has been made to produce 100% green resourced steel. Unlike the conventional “linear economy” model, the circular economy, also known as the productive economy, employs a system whereby everything is treated as resource for at least one productive economy activity in the metal industries. Neither any material nor any form of energy can be treated as waste, even in the entire life cycle of the metal products. A typical energy and material flow diagram and its values is shown in Figure 4.12.
Building Materials
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
All metals may be classified as ferrous or nonferrous. A ferrous metal has iron as its main element. A metal is still considered ferrous even if it contains less than 50% iron, as long as it contains more iron than any other one metal. A metal is nonferrous if it contains less iron than any other metal.
Ferrous Alloys
Published in Zainul Huda, Metallurgy for Physicists and Engineers, 2020
Ferrous alloys are the metallic materials that contain a large percentage of iron. Examples of ferrous alloys include: carbon steels, alloy steels, cast irons, and wrought iron. In general, ferrous metals/alloys possess good strength and durability. In particular, alloy steels are the engineering alloys that are noted for their excellent strength and toughness; these steels find wide applications in automotive and aerospace components, ship structures, rails, pressure vessels, boilers, cutting tools, and the like.
Strategising the bioremediation of Brazilian iron ore mines
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Alan Levett, Emma Gagen, Anat Paz, Paulo Vasconcelos, Gordon Southam
Other challenges to iron ore mine remediation also include sourcing enough material with an appropriate chemical composition (Gagen et al., 2020). In Brazil, the stockpiled canga crust may be crushed and re-distributed over the degraded surfaces; however infilling pits with tailings will be impractical and too expensive. Therefore, remediation efforts that aim to revegetate degraded mine sites will need to form slopes using waste materials that can be subsequently stabilized (Levett, Gagen, Zhao et al., 2020). To account for the monsoonal rainfall and to minimize erosion, the slopes of iron ore pits will have to be stabilized in sections, from the base up (Figure 5). Slopes would have to be sufficiently cemented during the dry (less wet) season, allowing only approximately six months to produce a resilient structure. Recently, Levett, Gagen, Zhao et al. (2020) demonstrated the stabilization of an artificial slope using biocements at a bench-top laboratory-scale. Harnessing the natural microbial aggregation of grains by microorganisms and the high surface area of microbial cell structures greatly reduced the amount of iron required to re-stabilize surfaces. For example, less than 1 wt% ferrous iron in solution was required to form water-stable aggregates to stabilize iron oxide minerals (Levett, Gagen, Zhao et al., 2020). Pilot-scale aggregation of crushed canga has also been demonstrated by promoting repeated monthly iron dissolution and re-precipitation over 18 months (Gagen et al., 2020). These technologies will be directly transferable to mine waste (and potentially to tailings) stabilization for other commodities.
Hitherto Unexplored Three-Membered Heterocyclic Rings Favorably Alter Tribological Properties of Fatty Acid Linear Esters
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2021
Neha Sharma, Gananath D. Thakre, Anjan Ray
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to predict and understand the adsorption and lubrication behavioral aspects of the synthesized ester molecules in contact with iron oxide substrate. All MD simulations were performed using the Material Studio V7.0 software package. Iron oxide was used as a lattice surface (owing to its dominance in ferrous alloys) and imported from the software’s structure database. The crystal was then cleaved along the most stable plane FeO (100) as reported in the literature (29). The simulations were executed using interatomic potentials described by COMPASS (Condensed Phase Optimized Molecular Potential for Atomistic Simulation Studies) forcefield (30). The force field consists of bonded, angled, dihedral, improper, cross, coulombic, and van der Waals, potential energy function form as given in Eq. [1]:
Comparison of the observed Fukushima Dai-Ichi Unit 2 debris with simulated debris from the CLADS-MADE-01 control blade degradation test
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2021
Anton Pshenichnikov, Yuji Nagae, Masaki Kurata
Concerning radioactivity of the Unit 2 PCV debris, as it was shown in the TMI-2 accident [21], RASPLAV [24] and MASCA projects [22], the vessel failure by the oxidic melt of UO2 with Zr(O) or ZrO2 was unlikely. It implies that it is very hard for UO2-ZrO2 melt to escape from the RPV. However, the vessels of all 1F reactors failed. Was this probably due to the presence of many penetrations? But in TMI-2 there were also many penetrations; nevertheless, the melt stopped on the level of the vessel wall. The difference must be in the metallic fraction of corium. In TMI-2 it was fully oxidic, but in 1F a high metallic fraction is anticipated when the main pool reaches the bottom mainly due to structural features and steam conditions. In the past, it was established that in contact with oxidic corium a redistribution of U and other fission products occurred when there was metallic Zr available [22]. If the melt contains mostly iron, from the investigation of Chernobyl corium melt and lavas [25], it is known, that during contact of ferrous melt with molten UO2-ZrO2 a redistribution of semi-volatile fission products like Ru is anticipated. Therefore, if it is proved that the debris in the PCV is mostly metallic, the dose rate from them must be lower than from molten fuel and debris with deposited Cs. Moreover, the extraction of U from the oxidized corium by the ferrous melt may slowdown because of iron oxide contact layer formation [26]. Even if metallic debris extracted U from the molten corium, the majority of the isotopes would remain in oxidic corium [23].