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Explosive terrorism characteristics of explosives and explosions
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Sodium azide, sodium trinitride, smite, or azium is the inorganic compound with the formula NaN3. This colorless salt is the gas-forming component in many car airbag systems. It is used for the preparation of other azide compounds. It is an ionic substance, highly soluble in water, and very acutely toxic. Sodium azide has caused deaths for decades. It is a severe poison. It may be fatal if it comes in contact with skin or if swallowed. Even minute amounts can cause symptoms. The toxicity of this compound is comparable to that of soluble alkali cyanides and the lethal dose for an adult human is about 0.7 g. No toxicity has been reported from spent airbags. Azide inhibits cytochrome oxidase by binding irreversibly to the heme cofactor in a process similar to the action of carbon monoxide. Sodium azide particularly affects organs that undergo high rates of respiration, such as the heart and the brain. It produces extrapyramidal symptoms with necrosis of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. Toxicity may also include hypotension, blindness, and hepatic necrosis. Sodium azide increases cyclic GMP levels in brain and liver by activation of guanylate cyclase.
Toxic Metal Removal Using Microbial Nanotechnology
Published in Mahendra Rai, Patrycja Golińska, Microbial Nanotechnology, 2020
Mn regulates many enzymes by binding as co-factors for arginase, superoxide dismutase, and pyruvate carboxylase. However, occupational exposure (for example, in welders) and dietary overexposure may lead to Mn toxicity associated with CNS, lung, heart, liver, reproductive system and fetal development. Accumulation of Mn in brain tissue results in a progressive disorder of the extrapyramidal system identical to Parkinson’s disease. Mn is distributed from blood into brain tissue either through the blood–brain barrier or blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, impairment of which leads to Mn accumulation in brain and neurotoxicity (Crossgrove and Zheng 2004).
Role of Occupational Neurotoxicants in Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Published in Lucio G. Costa, Luigi Manzo, Occupatinal Neurotoxicology, 2020
Stefano M. Candura, Luigi Manzo, Lucio G. Costa
Permanent Parkinsonism was observed following chronic exposure to the fungicide maneb (manganese ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate).98-99 As discussed below, both manganese and ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate are potential toxicants for the extrapyramidal system and may have had an etiological role in these cases. A toxic cooperative mechanism can also be hypothesized.
Effects of several atypical antipsychotics closapine, sertindole or ziprasidone on hepatic antioxidant enzymes: Possible role in drug-induced liver dysfunction
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Lena Platanić Arizanović, Aleksandra Nikolić-Kokić, Jelena Brkljačić, Nikola Tatalović, Marko Miler, Zorana Oreščanin-Dušić, Teodora Vidonja Uzelac, Milan Nikolić, Verica Milošević, Duško Blagojević, Snežana Spasić, Čedo Miljević
Antipsychotic drugs are primarily used for the treatment of schizophrenia, a disorder which affects approximately 1% of the world population. Antipsychotic drugs may be divided into first-generation such as haloperidol, and second-generation, the latter referred to atypical antipsychotic drugs (APD) including clozapine, sertindole, and ziprasidone. Despite their exceptional clinical efficacy, antipsychotic drugs are frequently associated with numerous side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms which are most prevalent in patients treated with first-generation compounds, while metabolic side effects appear to be more frequent in patients using APDs (Stroup and Gray 2018). Risk of development of adverse metabolic effects such as weight gain, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, and disturbed glucose metabolism appears to be different among consequences attributed to antipsychotic drug actions, as APDs represent a heterogeneous group of compounds (Newcomer 2005). The highest rates of weight gain, obesity, hyperlipidemia, disturbed glucose metabolism, and diabetes are associated with clozapine and olanzapine (Newcomer 2005). Risperidone and quetiapine pose a moderate risk, while ziprasidone appears to exhibit relatively benign metabolic side effects (Newcomer 2005).
Effects of short-term sub-lethal diazinon® exposure on behavioural patterns and respiratory function in Clarias batrachus: inferences for adaptive capacity in the wild
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
Shubhajit Saha, Azubuike V. Chukwuka, Dip Mukherjee, Kishore Dhara, Aina O. Adeogun, Nimai Chandra Saha
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are environmental pollutants of global concern constituting significant threat to human and ecological health [1, 2]. Due to their short-term persistence in the environment OPs are chemicals of choice for optimising agricultural productivity, horticulture, and veterinary medicine, and useful in the fight against malaria [3]. Despite criticisms against its use due to the risks to humans and other non-target species, the low cost, high effectiveness and broad spectrum against numerous types of pests, has ensured its continued usage [4,5]. It is notably neurotoxic across taxa under acute conditions with an adverse outcome pathway that follows cholinergic crisis, extrapyramidal muscle seizures and neurologic-based respiratory deficits [6–8].