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2 into Industrial Products
Published in Ashok Kumar, Swati Sharma, 2 Utilization, 2020
Ramya Thangamani, Lakshmanaperumal Vidhya, Sunita Varjani
In the 1950s, various stakeholders strategized their business unions to produce cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide. To be specific, when the carbon dioxide is treated with propylene oxide or ethylene in the presence of essential impetus, it produces propylene carbonate or ethylene carbonate, respectively. Chemicals such as styrene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, and 1,3-propylene oxide can also be utilized along with carbon dioxide in the production of cyclic carbonates, while the produce will be only less in volume. In 2010, the carbon dioxide was considered as a base and was used to produce 80,000 tons of cyclic carbonates (Alper and Yuksel-Orhan, 2017). The carbon dioxide is also used as a feedstock to amalgamate the aliphatic and fragrant polycarbonates. In Asahi Kasei process, the yearly production of polycarbonate is 600,000 tons, which is used as a feedstock in addition to carbon dioxide, bisphenol, and ethylene oxide (Fukuoka et al. 2007). According to Langanke et al. (2014), Covestro constructed a plant to copolymerize the carbon dioxide and propylene oxide in order to yield polymeric polyols (i.e. polyether carbonates), which are commercially called as cardyon. Having been found in froth beddings, these polyols can be used in the production of polyurethanes. The alkali generation produces the carbon dioxide. Approximately 5,000 tons of polymeric polyols is manufactured from this plant every year.
Chemicals from Olefin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
A new route to ethylene glycol from ethylene oxide via the intermediate formation of ethylene carbonate has recently been developed. Ethylene carbonate [(CH2O)2CO] is classified as the carbonate ester of ethylene glycol and carbonic acid (H2CO3). At room temperature (25°C, 77°F) ethylene carbonate is a transparent crystalline solid, practically odorless and colorless and somewhat soluble in water. In the liquid state (m.p. 34°C–37°C, 94°F–99°F), it is a colorless odorless liquid.
G) of Mixing, Binary Liquid Mixtures, Colligative Properties, and Activity
Published in Kathleen E. Murphy, Thermodynamics Problem Solving in Physical Chemistry, 2020
Ethylene carbonate (properties given in box on the right) is the solvent used for the electrolyte solution in many lithium batteries. What would be its cryoscopic constant, Kf, in terms of molality in °C kg/mol?
Different scenarios of glycerin conversion to combustible products and their effects on compression ignition engine as fuel additive: a review
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2021
Farid Haghighat Shoar, Bahman Najafi, Shahab S. Band, Kwok-Wing Chau, Amir Mosavi
In general, glycerol carbonate is synthesized by the reaction between glycerol and fusogen. However, due to the great noxiously of fusogen, trans-esterification-based alternatives to di-alkyl or alkylene carbonates have been investigated. Industrial synthesis of glycerol carbonate requires several stages. Ethylene oxide reacts with carbon dioxide, which results in the production of annular ethylene carbonate. Glycerol is also reacted to produce glycerol carbonate and ethylene glycol. This function includes the utilization of homogeneous basic catalysts, for example, sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide (Figure 18). It has problems such as neutralization and also causes problems in the recovery of the product with low-pressure distillation method (Alvarez et al., 2012).
CO2 and ethylene epoxide on silicon-doped CNT as metal-free catalyst to produce cyclic ethylene carbonate: a computational study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
Hedieh Mohammadzadeh, Sadegh Afshari
One of the leading greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide (CO2). It causes global warming, oceans acidity, and so on, endangers human health. On the other hand, CO2 is a non-toxic, naturally abundant, and economical gas as a type of renewable carbon resource for the synthesis of valuable chemicals [1,2]. Despite the difficulties (thermodynamically stability and kinetically inertness) of efficiently utilising CO2, it has been successfully used to produce many valuable chemicals such as methane, methanol, formic acid, amide, carboxylic acid derivatives and carbonate [3–5]. Among them, producing cyclic carbonates by epoxides and CO2 is one of the most promising ways for CO2 utilisation. The cyclic carbonates can be used as electrolytes, polar solvents and also used to produce polymers like polycarbonates and polyurethanes [6–8]. Ethylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate with a large scale and wide range of applications. This cyclic carbonate is produced industrially by several companies worldwide [9]. Ethylene carbonate has an important application as an electrolyte for lithium-based batteries, which are used in electronics. The other applications of ethylene carbonate as solvents are used as a cleaner in painting for stripping and degreasing [8] and also used in cosmetic and personal care products [9]. Ethylene carbonate is also used as a plasticiser, and as a precursor to vinylene carbonate, which is used in polymers and organic synthesis. Also, oxalyl chloride is produced commercially from ethylene carbonate [10]. For many years, researchers have been interested in studying the ways to produce ethylene carbonate by epoxides and CO2. Due to the thermodynamic stability and kinetically inertness of CO2, it needs to use a catalyst for this reaction. The catalysts used by researchers are divided into two main kinds: metal-based catalysts and metal-free catalysts. In the epoxide and CO2 reactions, the metal-based catalysts are the most common. In the metal-based catalysts, the active sites act as Lewis acid in front of the oxygen atom of epoxide, and this reduces the energy barrier for reaction. The metal-based catalysts were used as metal oxide [11], metal salt [12], molecular sieves [13], metallic complex [14], metal–organic frameworks [15], zeolitic imidazolate frameworks [16], metal-doped porous materials [17], etc. Although the activity of metal-based catalysts is excellent for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates, the problem of metal leakage causes environmental pollution, to reduce this problem, the metal-free catalysts may be helpful [18–21].