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Mechanisms of chemically induced respiratory toxicities
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Here, vinyl carbamate is used as a model compound to investigate the specific events that take place in the interval between exposure and the development of lung tumours. Vinyl carbamate is a metabolite of ethyl carbamate (urethane), a chemical formed during fermentation, and that is found in alcoholic beverages and fermented food products.93 Ethyl carbamate was used as a co-solvent for analgesic and sedative drugs in Japan between 1950 and 1975.94 This period represented 25 years during which millions of humans were administered ‘the largest doses of a pure carcinogen that is on record’.95 It has been estimated that the total dose of ethyl carbamate administered to a 60 kg patient was about 0.6 to 3.0 g. Ethyl carbamate has also been used as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of chronic leukemia and multiple myeloma.96 Today, human exposures occur inadvertently via the consumption of fermented food products and alcoholic beverages as well as tobacco use. A question has been raised regarding the potential carcinogenic risk associated with long-term or perhaps a lifetime exposure to low levels of the carbamate compounds. In this regard, regulatory agencies in Canada and the United States have set limits on the concentrations of ethyl carbamate in wines and distilled spirits.
Alcohol consumption and the socio-cultural risk discourse
Published in Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson, Food and the Risk Society, 2016
Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson
Although there is an extensive literature dating back to the 1940s on the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of ethyl carbamate in industrial settings, public health concerns related to its detection in food and beverages were only raised in 1985, when relatively high levels were found in some alcoholic beverages by Canadian authorities (Dennis et al. 1989; Zimmerli and Schlatter 1991). In 1989, the California Department of Health Services (Salmon et al. 1991) undertook major reviews of the available carcinogenicity data. It is now generally accepted that ethyl carbamate is a genotoxic carcinogen in animals and probably can cause cancer in humans (International Agency for Research on Cancer 2010).
Advances in state-of-art valorization technologies for captured CO2 toward sustainable carbon cycle
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
Shu-Yuan Pan, Pen-Chi Chiang, Weibin Pan, Hyunook Kim
Carbamates (RNH−COOR) are being used for production of pesticides, germicides, pharmaceuticals, and other organic chemicals. Important carbamate compounds include aromatic carbamates such as methyl N-phenyl carbamate (MPC), as well as alkyl carbamates such as methyl carbamate (MC), ethyl carbamate (EC), and butyl carbamate (BC). From the green chemistry point of view, CO2 can be used to generate the carbamates from amines and alcohols, which is considered as an environmentally benign route. At an ambient temperature and pressure, CO2 can easily combine with amines to form the corresponding carbamic acids. If alcohols are used as the alkyl source, however, the subsequent dehydrative condensation to carbamates proceeds slowly (Ion et al., 2008). Thus, an excess amount of a dehydrant is often used to overcome the equilibrium limitation.
Urea methanolysis mechanism: a computational study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
A.Ya. Samuilov, Ya.D. Samuilov
The interaction of O-alkylcarbamates with alcohols with the formation of dialkylcarbonates is considered as a reaction proceeding by a concert mechanism. The implementation of the concert mechanism in the reaction of O-ethyl carbamate with ethanol with the formation of diethyl carbonate using ωB97XD/6-311G(d,p) method is shown in the work [28].