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1,4-Dioxane Chemistry, Uses, and Occurrence
Published in Thomas K.G. Mohr, William H. DiGuiseppi, Janet K. Anderson, James W. Hatton, Jeremy Bishop, Barrie Selcoe, William B. Kappleman, Environmental Investigation and Remediation, 2020
1,4-Dioxane is produced as a by-product during the sulfonation reaction with alcohol ethoxylates, a process used to produce surfactants included in a wide variety of soaps and detergents. Ethoxylated alcohols are used as surfactants, detergents, foaming agents, emulsifiers, and wetting agents. During alcohol ethoxylation, ethylene oxide is combined and rearranged to form the polymer of ethylene oxide. This process allows ethylene oxide to dimerize to form diethylene dioxide, that is, 1,4-dioxane. If no effort is made to control formation of 1,4-dioxane, levels may approach 500 ppm or higher. By controlling mixing ratios, temperature, and other reaction parameters, formation of 1,4-dioxane has been limited to 30–200 ppm (Stepan Company, 2006). Since 1990, MSDS have reported 1,4-dioxane at an “upper bound concentration” or “typical maximum” of less than 15 ppm (Talmage, 1994). Analyses of surfactants and products containing surfactants have shown rather high levels of 1,4-dioxane associated with surfactants and associated products in the 1980s and 1990s. More recent analyses of consumer products containing surfactants show lower levels of 1,4-dioxane residual. Not all surfactant products contain detectable concentrations of 1,4-dioxane. This section provides a historical view of surfactants in consumer products, beginning with the earliest reported data and ending with a 2018 sampling survey of products in New York State.
Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Treatment Technology
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
An MSF distiller encompasses a number of phases or stages in series. Examples of antifoams used in sea water distillation plants include: Ethoxylated fatty alcohols such as cetyl alcohol.Fatty acid esters of polyalkalene glycol, e.g., polyethylene glycol monooleate.Silicone compounds.
Influence of sulfonic acid group on the performance of castor oil acid based methyl ester ethoxylate sulfonate
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2018
Jingjie Zhou, Yongqiang Sun, Kehua Zhu, Martino Di Serio, Yong Zhang, Jinyuan Sun, Huaping Wu, Lirong Ding, Huibin Liang
Ethoxylated fatty acid ester is an effective nonionic surfactant of the ether–ester type that has good detergency and biodegradability.[123456] It can be used as daily and laundry detergent,[7,8] leather degreasing,[9,10] wool scouring,[11] hard surface cleaning,[12] etc. Due to the excellent properties, a lot of work has been done on ethoxylated fatty acid ester.[131415] It also can substitute alcohol ethoxylates and ethoxylated fatty acids.[16,17]
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
Many substitutes for NPEO (nonylphenol ethoxylates) and OPEO (octylphenl ethoxylates) have been developed and are commercialized. One example is the alcohol ethoxylates. These are composed of hydrophobic fatty alcohols combined with various numbers of ethoxylate groups. They are very good surface active agents and being easily biodegradable, do not cause any problem in the disposal of effluents (Vaidya & Trivedi, 1976). The general reaction in their preparation is