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Environmental Chemistry and the Five Spheres of the Environment
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
Environmental chemistry is the discipline that describes the origin, transport, reactions, effects, and fates of chemical species in the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and anthrosphere. This definition is illustrated for a typical pollutant species in Figure 1.4, which shows the following: (1) Coal, which contains sulfur in the form of organically bound sulfur and pyrite, FeS2, is mined from the geosphere. (2) The coal is burned in a power plant that is part of the anthrosphere and the sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide, SO2, by atmospheric chemical processes. (3) The sulfur dioxide and its reaction products are moved by wind and air currents in the atmosphere. (4) Atmospheric chemical processes convert SO2 to sulfuric acid, H2SO4. (5) The sulfuric acid falls from the atmosphere as acidic acid rain. (6) The sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere may adversely affect biospheric organisms, including asthmatic humans who inhale it, and the sulfuric acid in the acid rain may be toxic to plants and to fish in the hydrosphere and has a corrosive effect on structures and electrical equipment in the anthrosphere. (7) The sulfuric acid ends up in a sink, either soil in the geosphere or a body of water in the hydrosphere. In these locations, H2SO4 may continue having toxic effects, including the leaching of phytotoxic (toxic to plants) aluminum ion from soil and rock in the geosphere and poisoning fish fingerlings in the hydrosphere.
Application of Green Chemistry Principles in Environmental Chemistry
Published in Vera M. Kolb, Green Organic Chemistry and Its Interdisciplinary Applications, 2017
Environmental chemistry also studies natural ways chemicals are removed from the environmental systems in which they reside. These ways include abiotic chemical processes, such as hydrolysis, oxidation, and photochemical degradation, but also degradation by microbial enzymatic reactions. Environmental chemistry is also concerned with the ways chemical pollutants affect living organisms and ecosystems, and the ways the negative impact of these pollutants can be neutralized and reversed by natural means that are available to the ecosystems. Physical and chemical properties of various environments on the Earth infl abiotic chemical reactions, and are thus also studied.
Introduction to Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis (TEQA)
Published in Paul R. Loconto, Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis, 2020
Environmental chemistry can be defined as a systematic study of the nature of matter that exists in the air, water, soil, and biomass. This definition could be extended to the plant and animal domains where chemicals from the environment are likely to be found. This discipline, whose origins go back as far as the late 1960s, requires a knowledge of the traditional branches of organic, inorganic, physical, and analytical chemistry. Environmental chemistry is linked to biotechnology as well as to chemical, environmental, and agricultural engineering practices.
Research between Science, Society and Politics: The History and Scientific Development of Green Chemistry
Published in Ambix, 2023
His work is divided into six chapters. The first and last frame green chemistry from a theoretical perspective in light of various concepts from the STS literature. Linthorst argues convincingly that green chemistry is an “umbrella term” and not a “scientific specialty” or a Kuhnian “paradigm” (p. 200).3 The core of Linthorst’s book are three chapters devoted to the rise of green chemistry in the US, the UK, and the Netherlands, respectively. Each chapter starts with a brief history of environmental chemistry and policies in the given country and then clarifies how the conceptual framework of green chemistry emerged there as a distinct phenomenon in the 1990s. Finally, chapter five examines the intellectual roots of green chemistry by discussing the seminal publications from the 1990s and exploring some of the debates on the frontiers of greenness.
Natural sanitizer potential of Cuminum cyminum and applicable approach for calculation of Kováts retention index of its compounds
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Erdal Yabalak, Firas Ibrahim, Elif Ayşe Erdoğan Eliuz
This study aimed to evaluate tolerance, susceptibility or persistence levels in E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans in the methanolic extract medium of C. cyminum based on the modified Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion test and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of C. cyminumas a natural sanitizer agent. Also, this paper aims to present a formula to calculate Kováts retention indices (KI) of the compounds detected in the methanolic extracts of C. cyminum using GC-MS. This formula has a big advantage to reduce the time spent on the calculation by interested researchers in their comprehensive studies. Besides, KI has a big importance in studies that have a matrix of compounds to be analysed by GC-MS, one of the most common devices used in analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, food chemistry, green chemistry, environmental chemistry, etc. It is used to qualitatively and quantitatively identify the existence of organic compounds in complex matrices (Sparkman et al. 2011). In this device, the components of a sample are separated in the column giving different peaks at different retention times. Then, every peak is recognized as a representation of a compound by an MS detector according to a compounds database. Similar compounds can be detected as the same compound in MS but different in their retention times or the same compound can be detected at different retention times when applied conditions are different. Thus, there was a need to have a compounds’ index unaffected by the conditions of GC-MS.
Analysis of the unsaturated behaviour of compacted lateritic fine-grained tropical soils for use in transport infrastructure
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Mayssa Alves da Silva Sousa, Roberto Quental Coutinho, Laura Maria Goretti da Motta
To obtain the chemical composition of the studied soils, the procedure described in the Soil Analysis Methods Manual of Embrapa (2017) was followed. The tests were carried out at the Laboratory of Soil Environmental Chemistry of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE). They comprised the analyses of Hydrogen Potential (pH) in Water (pHH2O) and in Potassium Chloride (pHKCl), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Phosphorus (P), Organic Carbon (OC), Organic Matter (OM), Potential Acidity (H + Al) and Nitrogen (N).