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Microporous Materials in Electrosynthesis, Environmental Remediation, and Drug Release
Published in Antonio Doménech-Carbó, Electrochemistry of Porous Materials, 2021
Electrosynthetic procedures are those devoted to preparing chemical products using electrochemistry, ordinarily employing controlled current or controlled potential electrolysis in a cell or electrochemical reactor. An electrochemical reactor can be defined as a device where the chemical product is obtained from one or more reagents using electrical energy. Electrolysis cells or electrochemical reactors mainly differ from chemical reactors, using electrical energy as a driving force to promote chemical changes, and by the existence of an interface where the electrochemical reaction takes place [1].
Electrodeposited silicon from ionic liquids
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, Silicon Nanomaterials Sourcebook, 2017
Electrodeposition or electrosynthesis of any material is dependent on the electrochemical window of the electrolyte, the electrode material, the bath temperature, additives, and the electrochemical parameters, to mention the most important pertinent properties. Let us have a look at an undergraduate experiment, which is quite easy to perform even in a high school chemical laboratory, namely copper electroplating. The teacher will use an aqueous solution containing a copper salt, for example, CuSO4, mixed with an acidic electrolyte to ensure conductivity, usually H2SO4; a steel plate to be plated with copper; and a copper plate for a counterelectrode. If a standard AA primary battery with 1.5 V nominal voltage is connected to this simple cell (minus pole = cathode: steel; plus pole = anode: copper plate), one can see with the naked eye the steel plate being slowly covered by a dull, reddish copper layer, and the copper counterelectrode as such being roughened, manifested as either darkening or brightening of the electrode, depending on the exact conditions. The following reactions occur: Cathode:Cu
Research progress on electrochemical property and surface modifications of nanodiamond powders
Published in Functional Diamond, 2023
Liang Dong, Guohao Zhu, Jianbing Zang, Yanhui Wang
Diamond, as an allotrope of carbon, has excellent chemical stability and high thermal stability due to its unique sp3 hybrid bonding [1–3], which can be made into electrodes to meet the new requirements of electrochemical research. Compared with traditional glassy carbon electrodes, diamond electrodes have three major advantages: (1) high chemical and electrochemical stability, low adsorption capacity for organic and biological compounds [4,5], and electrochemical response remain stable over a long period of time [6–8]; (2) unparalleled physicochemical properties, such as high corrosion resistance, high hardness, high thermal conductivity and high hole mobility [9–11]; (3) wide potential window and low background current in aqueous [12–15] and non-aqueous solutions [16,17]. The above-mentioned unique characteristics of the diamond electrodes enable them to have good electrochemical performance in the fields of wastewater treatment, electrolytic analysis, fuel cells and electrosynthesis processes.
Metal and metal oxide electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2-to-C1 chemicals: are we there yet?
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Hassan Ait Ahsaine, Amal BaQais
The selectivity of CO2 electroreduction to formate has been discussed and reported on different metals and metal oxide electrodes with variable structures and electrode deposition methods. The commonly accepted mechanism for CO2-to-formate is as follows: after CO2 adsorption, it will be further transformed by electron addition to give ·CO2 (ad). Then reacts with freely available OH ions and HCOO, which are converted to HCOO− by electronation leading to the desorption of formate from the working electrode. Commercialization of CO2-to-formic acid conversion is promising and simple to implement, thanks to the use of formic acid in different applications. Figure 4 summarizes the most used electrode for the formate electrosynthesis from CO2.
Disinfection options for irrigation water: Reducing the risk of fresh produce contamination with human pathogens
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Catherine E. Dandie, Abiodun D. Ogunniyi, Sergio Ferro, Barbara Hall, Barbara Drigo, Christopher W. K. Chow, Henrietta Venter, Baden Myers, Permal Deo, Erica Donner, Enzo Lombi
The inactivation efficacy of electrochemical disinfection systems depends on several factors, including the electrochemical cell configuration, electrode material, water composition, the nature of the target microorganism, flow rate and current density (Jeong, Kim, & Yoon, 2009; Martínez-Huitle & Brillas, 2008). The main process leading to electrochemical water disinfection relies on the electrosynthesis of disinfecting agents, however other phenomena such as the electrosorption of bacteria on the electrode surface (with consequent direct interaction), electrocution, and electroporation might play a role in the process (Matsunaga, Nakasono, Kitajima, & Horiguchi, 1994; Matsunaga, Okochi, & Nakasono, 1995; Nakasono, Nakamura, Sode, & Matsunaga, 1992). After electrosorption, inactivation of microorganisms can result from the direct electrochemical oxidation of intracellular coenzyme-A, leading to decreased respiration and consequent cell death (Matsunaga et al., 1992). Electrochemical treatment was shown to result in oxidation of viral capsid proteins, leading to loss in structural integrity and viral inactivation (Shionoiri, Nogariya, Tanaka, Matsunaga, & Tanaka, 2015).