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Introduction to Organic Electrochromic Materials and Devices
Published in Sam-Shajing Sun, Larry R. Dalton, Introduction to Organic Electronic and Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, 2016
Another important electrochemical concept of relevance to electrochromics is that of electrochemical windows. An electrochemical “window” is a window within which the redox process responsible for the electrochromism is reproducible (though not necessarily electrochemically reversible) to a large extent, and beyond which oxidative, or reductive, decomposition of the electrochromic material occurs. Thus, one of the first measurements performed on a new electrochromic material is to determine this window, which is readily done via cyclic voltammetry (see above). In the cyclic voltammogram, oxidation peaks unaccompanied by reduction peaks, or irreversible electrochromic changes, indicate that one is beyond this window. From Figure 23.2, the window for an electrochromic polymer P(Py)/BF4, lies within −0.8 to +0.4 V vs. SCE. Thus for P(Py)/BF4, −0.8 and +0.4 V represent, respectively, light-yellow and dark gray-black electrochromic extremes of this CP electrochromic system (as labeled on the CV).
Biomass Carbon: Prospects as Electrode Material in Energy Systems
Published in Ranjusha Rajagopalan, Avinash Balakrishnan, Innovations in Engineered Porous Materials for Energy Generation and Storage Applications, 2018
Aqueous electrolyte has a high ionic conductivity but a small electrochemical window (up to 1.2 V). The electrochemical window is the potential below which the electrolyte is neither reduced nor oxidised at an electrode. Aqueous electrolytes are potentially beneficial for large installations to store surplus power and unsteady electricity generated by natural energy resources, because of low cost, high safety, long lifetime and low internal resistance. Examples of these aqueous electrolytes are commonly H2SO4, Na2SO4 and KOH.
Energy Materials and Energy Harvesting
Published in Chander Prakash, Sunpreet Singh, J. Paulo Davim, Functional and Smart Materials, 2020
K.S. Smaran, S.G. Patnaik, V. Raman, N. Matsumi
Electrolytes are sandwiched between the electrodes and constitute the most significant role of transporting the lithium ions between the electrodes and thus, are instrumental in pronouncing the performance of the batteries. The choice of electrolytes becomes critical in the presence of a diverse class of electrode materials. The key features defining an ideal electrolyte are as follows: Retention of the SEI: Should be able to retain the interfacial structure during electrochemical cycling, which includes a significant amount of volume changes of anode.Ionic conductivity: Prerequisite parameter of ionic conductivity should be at least in the order mS/cm or higher and a Li-ion transference number closer to unity, which quantifies the fraction of lithium-ion movement has govern a significant contribution.Solvation of the lithium ion: Ease of lithium salt dissociating from the solvation sheath result in easy intercalation into the anode. Hence, the solvation sphere of the lithium ion decides the diffusive aspects.Wide electrochemical window: With the discovery of high voltage cathode materials with a potential range ≥ 5V, electrolytes need to be equally compatible.Operational stability: High-temperature and low-temperature electronic applications necessitate electrolytes operating within a wider temperature range.Safety aspects: Mechanical strength and non-flammability or flame-retardant prospects in electrolyte combinations block all possibilities of an inadvertent thermal runaway accidents or short-circuiting [28].
Essential structural and experimental descriptors for bulk and grain boundary conductivities of Li solid electrolytes
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2020
Yen-Ju Wu, Takehiro Tanaka, Tomoyuki Komori, Mikiya Fujii, Hiroshi Mizuno, Satoshi Itoh, Tadanobu Takada, Erina Fujita, Yibin Xu
Rechargeable Li batteries are widely applied in portable devices, and their applications have extended to energy storage and electric vehicle industries. Li solid electrolytes might replace organic electrolytes, which are flammable and unstable to leakage, with electrodes that meet the high safety standards of electric vehicles. This development would realize all-solid-state Li batteries. Besides improving the safety and sustainability of higher cycles, Li solid electrolytes with a lithium-metal anode enable a wider electrochemical window than conventional electrolytes [1]. The electrochemical window is an important characteristic of the potential range of an electrolyte, obtained by subtracting the reduction potential of the cathode from the oxidation potential of the anode. A wide electrochemical window is beneficial in applications with high energy density, such as electric vehicles and electrical energy-storage systems.
A brief review on bio-inspired superhydrophobic electrodeposited nickel coatings
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2018
Electrodeposition of metals from non-aqueous solutions has been given enlarged attention over the last few years. The role of such electrolytes in modern technology becomes more important as they can open new opportunities in the production of a variety of coatings often impossible to obtain in conventional aqueous baths.53 Despite rather high costs of such solutions, they provide many advantages such as wide electrochemical window, good thermal stability or electrodeposition of more active metals and alloys.