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Electric Motor Industry and Switched Reluctance Machines
Published in Berker Bilgin, James Weisheng Jiang, Ali Emadi, Switched Reluctance Motor Drives, 2019
Rare-earth magnets have been dominating the global permanent magnet market and they are heavily utilized in electric motor applications. Besides magnets, rare-earth materials are used in many critical applications such as in photovoltaic films, vehicle batteries, and lighting. Neodymium and dysprosium are the primary rare-earth materials that are most commonly employed in high-energy permanent magnets.
Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from e-Wastes (Nd-Fe-B Spent Magnets) Using Magnesium Chloride Salts
Published in Sheila Devasahayam, Kim Dowling, Manoj K. Mahapatra, Sustainability in the Mineral and Energy Sectors, 2016
Komal Babu Addagatla, Sheila Devasahayam, M. Akbar Rhamdhani
Since its discovery in 1984 (Croat et al., 1984a, b; Sagawa et al., 1984), rare earth magnets are widely used in hard disc drives (HDDs), wind turbines, and cell phones because of their excellent magnetic properties (Machida et al., 2001; Yamamura et al., 2003). REE magnets are mainly Nd–Fe–B alloys comprising the Nd2Fe14B matrix, with small quantities of Pr, Gd, Tb, and Dy as well as trace elements such as vanadium, cobalt, niobium, zirconium, titanium, and molybdenum (Croat et al., 1984a, b; Yu and Chen, 1995; Gutfleisch et al., 2011). Rare earth magnets usually contain high amounts of neodymium and smaller amounts of dysprosium and praseodymium. Magnets made of rare earths are usually fragile and get fractured easily but afford the magnets better material properties (Akai, 2008).
Mg-RE-Based Alloy Systems for Biomedical Applications
Published in Yufeng Zheng, Magnesium Alloys as Degradable Biomaterials, 2015
Dysprosium (Dy), with an atomic number of 66, belongs to the heavy REE group. It has a HCP crystal lattice with a radius of 0.1781 nm, a bit larger than that of Mg (0.16 nm). Dy and dysprosium compounds are used in some control rods at nuclear power plants (Risovany et al. 2000, 2006) and also used in certain kinds of laser, high-intensity lighting (Langenscheidt et al. 2008) and magnetostrictive alloys, such as Terfenol-D, to raise the coercivity (Hirosawa et al. 1990; Stepankin 1995; Fang et al. 1998). In medical science, Dy is also used as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent and in the treatment of synovectomy (McLaren et al. 1990; Kattel et al. 2012). Dy is a nonabsorbable element, presenting at no higher than trace amounts in the diet (Sheng et al. 2005). In the literature, Dy shows good cytocompatibility according to the in vitro study of cytotoxicity and inflammatory response (Feyerabend et al. 2010). A half-lethal dose of dysprosium chlorides is 585 mg/kg (Haley et al. 1966). L. Yang et al. (2013a) found that 4000 |iM DyCl3 had no adverse influence on the cell viability of SaoS-2 cells. Furthermore, Dy was also used in the MRI contrast agents and also showed good cytotoxicity up to 100 |M (McLaren et al. 1990; Kattel et al. 2012).
Solvent extraction of dysprosium with Cyanex 923
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2019
Eliza Padhan, Kadambini Sarangi
There is a huge increase in the demand of dysprosium during last few decades due to its distinctive properties and wide range of applications. It is being used in alloys for neodymium-based permanent magnet (Willman et al. 1991) due to its property of demagnetisation at high temperature. It is also used for laser materials (Jayasimhadri et al. 2006). As its application is increasing day by day, its extraction and recovery from primary sources as well as from secondary sources have been studied by many authors. Gupta and Krishnamurthy (2005) described different processes such as selective oxidation, selective reduction, precipitation, fractional crystallisation, fractional precipitation, ion exchange and solvent extraction for the separation of rare earths. Among all these processes, the solvent extraction process is a proven technology and has been widely used in industries.
Effective adsorption of dysprosium ions on amino and carboxyl functionalized mesoporous silica sheets
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2019
Takamasa Kaneko, Ryouichi Hikosaka, Fukue Nagata, Masahiko Inagaki, Katsuya Kato
Dysprosium (Dy), a rare earth element that is used as an additive in neodymium magnets, has been widely used in the automobile industry in recent years [1]. In 2013, 90% of the global production of rare earth elements came from China. Their widespread use is therefore constantly being evaluated [2]. Due to the increased consumption and high cost of Dy, investigations into new recycling methods are extremely important [2]. Many studies have been reported on collected ion of metals, and rare earth ions have been reported [3–6]. In previous reports by Ogata et al., selective adsorption of Dy ions (0.146 mmol/g) from heavy metal ion mixtures was achieved using silica gel with carboxyl functionalization on the surface [2]. This selective adsorption was thought to be based on the formation of complexes by long carboxyl functionalized groups and the outermost shells of Dy ions [7,8]. However, these materials have insufficient adsorption capacity.
Fabrication of single-phase BaLaAlO4:Dy3+ nanophosphors by combustion synthesis
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2020
Priyanka Sehrawat, Avni Khatkar, Priti Boora, Mukesh Kumar, Sonika Singh, R. K. Malik, S. P. Khatkar, V. B. Taxak
Among all the dopants of rare-earth (RE3+) family, trivalent dysprosium ion (Dy3+) is of critical importance and has grabbed large attention in the research community globally.[7,8] Being an effective dopant ion, Dy3+ shows the emission of white light due to the occurrence of two emission peaks at 481 nm (blue) and 574 nm (yellow) such that white light can be obtained via varying the fraction of intensities of yellow-to-blue color light.[9,10] Since the luminescence properties of dopant ions also depend on the local environment of host lattice, so a lot of research has been undertaken by the authors to introduce a stable host lattice which can accommodate Dy3+ ions with enhanced chemical and thermal stability, resistance to moisture and chemicals, better luminescence efficiency, and high color purity. In this regard, the suitable host matrix selected is barium lanthanum aluminate, i.e., BaLaAlO4, which showed all the good qualities described above. Although luminescence properties of Eu3+-doped BaLaAlO4 nanophosphors are reported by Azhagiri et al.,[11] no report has been found on the effects of doping of Dy3+ ions into BaLaAlO4 host lattice, in the scientific literature so far, which suggests the novelty of the presented research work. The authors have fabricated, at low temperature, Dy3+-doped BaLaAlO4 nanophosphors by the mode of economic as well as energy efficient solution combustion approach in the report. The structural and morphological features have been well analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement method. Also, the vibrational spectroscopy, optical band gap, photoluminescence (PL), and colorimetric properties of the present nanophosphors were investigated in detail, which proved them a promising and potential high-performance candidate in the phosphor-converted WLEDs for outdoor lighting purpose.