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Selected Case Studies and Applications
Published in D. Kofi Asante-Duah, Hazardous Waste Risk Assessment, 2021
Waste disposal and management practices are shaped in part by federal, state, regional, and provincial regulation and legislation. Regulations governing waste disposal practices attempt to distinguish between hazardous and nonhazardous materials. Materials are determined to be hazardous based on a set of tests that examine their toxicity, flammability, explosivity, corrosivity, and/or infectiousness. Despite the toxicity of some of the composition of household batteries, dry cell batteries are themselves not affected by hazardous waste regulations, since all household wastes entering the MSW stream are generally classified as nonhazardous. Concerns about battery disposal practices stem from the possibility of hazardous materials/chemicals leaching from landfills or entering the atmosphere through incineration of MSW. On the one hand, the amount of household battery usage seems to be going up, which augments the concern about its impact when disposed together with MSW. On the other hand, some of the amounts of more toxic chemicals used in some of the batteries are going down and/or being substituted with potentially less toxic ones, thus minimizing potential impacts of the presence of dry cell batteries in MSW. Table 7.39 presents the recommended methods for the management of spent dry cell batteries. The preferred management option refers to the best available method of disposal that is recommended for use, whereas the alternative option is what can be called the second best method to adopt when necessary.
Batteries
Published in S. Bobby Rauf, Electrical Engineering for Non-Electrical Engineers, 2021
Alkaline batteries are referred to as “alkaline” batteries because of the fact that the chemically active substance—the electrolyte—in these batteries is an alkaline, or a base, as compared to the acidic electrolyte used in zinc-carbon, or zinc-manganese primary dry cell batteries. This chemically active substance, or electrolyte, in alkaline batteries is typically potassium hydroxide instead of the acidic ammonium chloride, or zinc chloride electrolyte, used in zinc-carbon primary batteries. Some alkaline primary batteries are rechargeable.
Batteries and Capacitors as Energy Storage Devices
Published in S. Bobby Rauf, Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, 2020
Alkaline batteries are referred to as “alkaline” batteries because of the fact that the chemically active substance – the electrolyte – in these batteries is an alkaline, or a base, as compared to the acidic electrolyte used in zinc–carbon or zinc–manganese primary dry cell batteries. This chemically active substance, or electrolyte, in alkaline batteries is typically potassium hydroxide instead of the acidic ammonium chloride, or zinc chloride electrolyte, used in zinc–carbon primary batteries. Some alkaline primary batteries are rechargeable.
Processing of ferromanganese fumes into high-purity manganese sulphate monohydrate
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020
Yeon Ho Lee, Jong Hyeok Kang, Sangyun Seo, Tam Tran, Myong Jun Kim
Most studies in the literature evaluated techniques for recovery of Mn values as Mn metal, electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), or chemical manganese dioxide (CMD) used in the manufacturing of steel and alkaline dry cell batteries. High purity (>99%) manganese sulphate monohydrate (MSM) currently used in the making of cathode materials for Li-ion batteries has not been made from the available resources using conventional techniques as impurities such as Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, etc., have to be removed to ppm levels. Although known techniques for removing iron as Fe(OH)3 or jarosite (Dutrizac 2008; Tam and Tran 1991) and other base metals using hydroxide and sulfide precipitation (Grootscholten, Keesman, and Lens 2008; Lewis 2010; Veeken et al., 2003) could be applied, the novel process developed in this study involved a three-stage purification in which the above metal impurities were first removed. This paper describes the conditions for making >99.5% pure MSM using the developed process.
Usage of on-demand oxyhydrogen gas as clean/renewable fuel for combustion applications: a review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Osama Majeed Butt, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Hang Seng Che, Nasrudin Abd Rahim
Beside configuration, there are three types of oxyhydrogen generator commonly known as dry cell, wet cell and hybrid cell. In a dry cell electrolyzers, the electrodes are not immersed in electrolytes. The electrolyte only fills the gaps between the electrodes, while in case of wet cell oxyhydrogen generator, all the electrodes are immersed in the electrolyte fluid inside a water vessel. For hybrid oxyhydrogen generator, dry and wet cell are so combined that a dry cell generator is placed in a vessel containing the electrolyte liquid as in the wet cell type. (Table 1) presents comparative overview of various types of electrolyzers (Sudrajat et al. 2018).
Effects of superheated steam treatment on moisture adsorption and mechanical properties of pre-dried rubberwood
Published in Drying Technology, 2019
Anatta Patcharawijit, Nuttaporn Choodum, Ram Yamsaengsung
In estimates based on the H–H model, the molecular weight of dry cell-wall per mole of moisture sorption sites (W) revealed differences between treatments. The wood treated at 160 °C for 3 hours had the highest W at 533, more than 42% above untreated wood. The increase in this parameter confirms decreased number of active adsorption sites. This indicates that hydroxyl group adsorption sites in treated wood had decreased, and consequently the wood treated at 160 °C for 3 hours was the least hygroscopic.