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Culture of Chinese Carp
Published in Karol Opuszynski, Jerome V. Shireman, HERBIVOROUS FISHES: Culture and Use for Weed Management, 2019
Karol Opuszynski, Jerome V. Shireman
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue action can be improved by combined injection with a dopamine antagonist (blocker). Dopamine inhibits the release of GtH from the pituitary, in many cases effectively blocking the pituitary’s response to injected LHRH-a. There is a family of drugs (e.g., reserpine, pimozide, domperidone, and haloperidol) that acts as dopamine blockers, either by preventing the release or by inhibiting the synthesis of dopamine.
Incorporating methods and findings from neuroscience to better understand placebo and nocebo effects in sport
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Christopher Beedie, Fabrizio Benedetti, Diletta Barbiani, Eleanora Camerone, Jacob Lindheimer, Bart Roelands
Several neurotransmitter systems implicated in placebo are also associated with fatigue in sport. Hypothetically therefore, one or more of these might present a vehicle for blockade studies. We have highlighted the effects of caffeine on adenosine and dopamine; the effects of placebo caffeine have been observed on dopamine pathways of the thalamus (Kaasinen, Aalto, Någren, & Rinne Juha, 2004) and the striatum (Kaasinen, Aalto, Nagren, & Rinne, 2004). Theoretically therefore, positive effects on performance resulting from dopamine signalling following placebo caffeine administration could be blocked by the use of a dopamine antagonist. A design in which to investigate the effects of placebo caffeine on fatigue might adopt one similar to (Benedetti, Pollo, et al., 2007), using the same ‘training phase’ and ‘competition day’ model as did those authors: Control condition: NT during training phase; NT on competition day. Assesses natural history;Expectancy condition: NT during training phase; placebo with verbal suggestion of caffeine on competition day. Assesses expectancy;Conditioning condition: Caffeine during training phase; placebo with verbal suggestions of caffeine on competition day. Assesses conditioning;Blockade condition: Caffeine during training phase; dopamine antagonist with verbal suggestions of caffeine on competition day. Investigates hypothesised neurobiological mechanisms of placebo effects.