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NanoemulsionsPreparation, Stability, and Application in Food
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Parthasarathi, Food Nanotechnology, 2019
P. Karthik, Sayantani Dutta, C. Anandharamakrishnan
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important omega-3 fatty acid responsible for the development of the human brain, the function of the retina, and heart health; it also has beneficial effects on pregnant and lactating women and their infants. DHA is highly unstable towards environmental factors due to its oxidation and physical instability. Therefore, protecting the functional properties of DHA during storage is highly required. To overcome these problems, Karthik and Anandharamakrishnan (2016b) investigated the physicochemical properties and storage stability of DHA nanoemulsions prepared through different emulsification techniques, such as high-speed homogenization (HSH), high-pressure homogenization (HPH), and their combination (HSH + HPH). The HPH and HSH + HPH DHA nanoemulsions produced lower mean particle size than HSH. It was found that the HPH-involved emulsification process (HPH and HSH + HPH) produces stable DHA nanoemulsions in terms of lower particle size, morphology, and other physical stability over 100 days at different storage temperatures (Figure 8.16). Physical stability includes flocculation, creaming, coalescence, phase separation, sedimentation, and oiling off.
A review on microalgae biofuel and biorefinery: challenges and way forward
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Lakhan Kumar, Navneeta Bharadvaja
Docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, is a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid (PUFA). Recent research findings suggest that DHA should be considered as a conditionally essential nutrient supplement for humans. It is a major structural fat in the brain and retina accounting for up to 97% of the omega-3 fats in the brain and up to 93% of the omega-3 fats in the retina. It is also a key component of membrane lipids, heart, and human nutrition. Potential therapeutic applications are majorly found in the treatment of lung and breast cancer, hypertension, depression, cardiac arrest, asthma, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic skin diseases, chronic inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis (Hu et al. 2018). Its intake helps in cognitive and physical improvements in persons with brain injuries and effective treatment of psoriasis (Lewis, Ghassemi, and Hibbeln 2013). Numerous studies confirm that everyone, from infants to adults, benefits from an adequate supply of DHA. It can be obtained directly through maternal milk; oils extracted from rich alpha-linolenic acid plants (flax, hemp, rapeseed, soya bean, walnut), fish oil (Herring, Mackerel, Sardine, and Salmon), fungi or can be extracted from microalgae. Consumers are aware of the importance of an adequate provision of these nutrients and several properties of microalgal oils are particularly appealing, such as their sustainability, high purity and quality, “vegetarian” origin, and improved organoleptic qualities when compared to animal or fish oils (Vadivelan and Venkateswaran 2014).
Mercury, omega-3 fatty acids, and seafood intake are not associated with heart rate variability or QT interval
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2018
Charles Miller, Roxanne Karimi, Susan Silbernagel, Danielle Kostrubiak, Frederick Schiavone, Qiao Zhang, Jie Yang, Eric Rashba, Jaymie R. Meliker
Moderate fish consumption has been associated with markers of cardiovascular health,1,2 and the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends eating at least 2 servings of fish per week to reduce cardiovascular risk.3 This association has been attributed to the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).3 However, some studies have failed to show an association between fish intake and favorable cardiovascular disease outcomes,3,4 potentially attributable to methylmercury (MeHg)5,6 related to peroxidation of lipids6 or neurotoxic effects on the autonomic nervous system (ANS).7–9
Role of key enzymes in the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by Thraustochytrium sp. T01
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
D. Muthu, C. Kabilan, Sathyanarayana N. Gummadi, Anju Chadha
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is often known as an omega 3 fatty acid or a long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid. The importance of DHA in nutraceuticals is widely known because it is naturally present in high concentrations in the human brain and eye, and acts as a bioactive agent that regulates gene expression, cell signaling, cell membrane structure, and lipid mediated synthesis.[1–4] Traditionally, DHA is obtained from fish oil derived from cold-water marine fishes like salmon and tuna. Due to the scarcity, unpleasant odor, and chemical contaminants in fish oil, scientists/researchers began focusing on alternative sources, such as microorganisms for DHA and other related important nutrients. Among the different alternative sources, DHA production using microbial sources has been extensively studied due to their sustainability.[5–8] Most of the isolated microorganisms have been studied for DHA production viz. Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium, Aurantiochytrium, and Ulkenia belong to the thraustochytrid family.[9,10] These microorganisms can accumulate more than 50% w/w of lipid in their dry cell weight and produce more than 30% w/w of DHA in their total fatty acid (TFA) content. These microorganisms are heterotrophs and grow by consuming simple organic carbon sources, such as glucose and glycerol. They are cultivated through a fermentation process under controlled conditions. Both batch and fed-batch modes of fermentation process are reported for DHA production using these thraustochytrid strains. Yokochi et al. studied the culture conditions like salinity, temperature, carbon sources, and nitrogen sources for the microbial production of DHA in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21.[11] Raghukumar et al. investigated DHA production in various thraustochytrid strains.[12] Many studies have been carried out in thraustochytrid strains to improve the DHA yield either by studying the addition of media components or altering the key enzyme activities involved in the DHA biosynthetic pathway through metabolic engineering. Jakobsen et al. reported that the addition of a carbon source in the fed-batch mode under nitrogen starvation conditions increases the lipid content in Aurantiochytrium sp. strain T66.[13] Li et al. reported that the addition of mixed carbon sources in fed-batch mode increases DHA yield in Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21.[14]