China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Activated Sludge Process for Refractory Pollutants Removal
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Removal of Refractory Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2021
Reyhan Ata, Gökçe Faika Merdan, Günay Yıldız Töre
Apart from all these, it is known that dioxin is formed during the production of herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and bactericides. In order to protect the logs used as raw material in paper production, they are treated with chlorophenyls and after the chlorination process in the paper bleaching phase, dioxin is produced. Frequently used pharmaceutical materials (medicine, dentistry, and cosmetic products) also contain TCDD isomers at the level of 2,000–5,000 ppm. In recent years, some products that make our lives easier are claimed to contain dioxin. Plastic cups and plates, plastic bottles, foam materials, chlorine bleached toilet paper, tissue paper, milk and fruit juice cartons, diapers, and napkins are among these materials. It is reported that dioxins pass into water with the effect of heat as a result of keeping hot drinks in plastic materials and the keeping water sold in plastic bottles under the sun for a long time (Hişmioğulları et al. 2012). Instrumental measurement methods for determining the ratio of dioxin and furan are GC or GC-mass spectrometer (MS), which are the only legally accepted analytical techniques.
Poster Session
Published in Winston Chow, Katherine K. Connor, Peter Mueller, Ronald Wyzga, Donald Porcella, Leonard Levin, Ramsay Chang, Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants, 2020
Little published information existed that described the emission characteristics of toxic substances from Kraft pulp mills. Consequently, we designed and conducted a source sampling effort to gather data about pulp mill emissions for use in the health risk assessment. The following sampling and analytical methods were used to determine the concentrations of the selected substances in the vent and stack gases: The Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST) was used to collect samples of volatile organic hydrocarbons from all sources considered in the study. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).The modified EPA Method 5 (SW 846, Method 0010) sampling procedure was used to collect samples of chlorinated dioxins and furans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the recovery furnace stacks. The samples were analyzed by GC/MS with high-resolution GC/MS used for the dioxin and furan samples.The National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) procedure (Method 521) was used to determine the concentrations of chlorine and chlorine dioxide.
P
Published in Splinter Robert, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, 2017
[biomedical, chemical, mechanics] Polymer chemical that has a wide range of applications, made by polymerization of vinyl chloride. PVC is a plastic that is a solid under normal conditions. PVC forms the basis for products such as pipes, vinyl siding, blood bags, drink bottles, heart bypass tubing, etc. It is the third most popular polymer after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC poses significant health risks, primarily when exposed to incineration fumes and in dust form, specifically due to the high chlorine content. Chemicals known as dioxins are released during the manufacturing, or incineration of PVC. Dioxins exposure can lead to problems in reproductive, respiratory (asthma), and developmental health as well as provide carcinogenic properties (see Figure P.135).
Adsorption characteristics of the carbonaceous adsorbents for organic compounds in a model exhaust gas from thermal treatment processing
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
The emission of hazardous pollutants as a result of thermal treatment in the industrial processes and from the thermal waste thermal treatment has been an essential matter of concern in engineering for a long time. A variety of organic and inorganic compounds, including heavy metals, exist in the exhaust gases released from such processes. The concentrations of the materials range widely, from percent to ppm and even further to trace levels, such as ppt. There are a variety of pollutants that are regulated for the emission in the environment to avoid air pollution, and also, many pollutants are not regulated even if they have harmful effects after environmental emission. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have historically long been representative of gaseous inorganic pollutants in the air. Dioxins are also well known as toxic organic pollutants, and those present in flue gas have already been regulated in many countries, with a typical standard of 0.1 ng-TEQ/m3N for the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) as developed in Japan (Ministry of the Environment −1 2021).
Bioremediation Performance of Two Telluric Saprotrophic Fungi, Penicillium Brasilianum and Fusarium Solani, in Aged Dioxin-contaminated Soil Microcosms
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2021
Isabelle Delsarte, Etienne Veignie, Yann Landkocz, Catherine Rafin
Among the pollutants emitted by waste incinerators, dioxins have generated significant controversy due to their extreme environmental toxicity (Nzihou et al. 2012; Schuhmacher and Domingo 2006). Their presence in incinerator fly ash samples was first reported by Dutch and Swiss scientists in 1977 and 1978, respectively (Buser et al. 1978; Olie, Vermeulen, and Hutzinger 1977), and the present study investigates dioxins released by a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in the north of France (Halluin, https://halluin3r.com/). Over a 30-year period, the incinerator’s atmospheric emissions have heavily polluted not only a large urban area but also agricultural land, particularly grasslands used for cattle grazing. As dioxins are highly soluble in lipids and chemically stable, they can become concentrated along the food chain, and the ingestion of fatty foodstuffs such as milk and eggs represents the major route of human exposure (Domingo and Bocio 2007). Since the commissioning of a modern MSWI at Halluin in the 2000s, atmospheric dioxin emissions have decreased significantly to levels well below the EU and French standard of 0.1 ng TEQ N m−3 (toxic equivalent nanograms per standard cubic meter).
Upcycling textile wastes: challenges and innovations
Published in Textile Progress, 2021
Zunjarrao Kamble, Bijoya Kumar Behera
Approximately one-third of global solid waste is openly dumped, and around a quarter of the total is landfilled in unspecified locations; only 13% is recycled (Kaza et al., 2018). This is evidence of poor waste management in the majority of the world. Therefore, one can safely understand that any textile waste within the municipal solid waste goes directly to landfill along with other wastes. According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017), 73% of global clothing waste goes to either landfilling or incineration. However, with the increasing quantity of waste, the landfill space requirement will also increase, and landfilling is not at all an environment-friendly solution in textile waste management. Incineration is one of the other techniques practised in waste management. According to the World Bank report (Kaza et al., 2018), 11% of the global municipal solid waste is incinerated. However, incineration results in the emission of dioxins, which accumulate in the environment and enter the food chain. Dioxins adversely affect the human immune system and also cause cancer (Pensupa et al., 2017). Therefore, reduction in the amounts and improvement in the process of incineration is also one of the great challenges in textile waste management because of its adverse effects on the environment and human life.