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Therapeutic Use of Stress to Provoke Recovery
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Furthermore, in order to regulate gene expression and protein function, it will be important that there be adequate methylation of the various components of the ground regulation system, easily enough obtained by way of nutrient supplementation with such methyl donors as folic acid, vitamin B12, trimethylglycine (TMG), dimethylglycine (DMG), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e), and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE).
Halophiles: Pharmaceutical Potential and Biotechnological Applications
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Industrial Biotechnology, 2017
Rebecca S. Thombre, Vaishnavi S. Joshi, Radhika S. Oke
Another compatible solute produced by halophilic bacteria to maintain osmoadaptation is betaine (Figure 5.2). This solute is formed by methylation of primary amine glycine to form a quaternary structure (Imhoff and Rodriguez-Valera, 1984). Concentration of betaine accumulated in the cell varies with the varying external NaCl concentration (Robertson et al., 1990). It is generally transported from the medium into the cell except a few bacteria and one methanogen has the potential to synthesize it (Roberts et al., 1992; Canovas et al., 1998; Nyyssola et al., 2000). They are normally produced by halophilic phototrophic bacteria, chemotrophic bacteria and archeaebacteria. There are two different pathways for betaine synthesis: (i) by oxidation, using a single soluble enzyme choline oxidase, or (ii) by membrane associated system coded by four genes in an operon having (bet A), (bet B), (bet T) and (bet I) coding for enzymes choline dehydrogenase, betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, choline transporter and putative regulation. The choline dehydrogenase helps in catalyzing the oxidation reaction of choline to betaine aldehyde which is further oxidized to betaine by betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase. This process consumes an O2 molecule with the release of H2O2. In the final oxidation step NADP+ is reduced. Betaine synthesis from glycine in some halotolerant organisms is carried out by GSMT (glycine sarcosine methyl transferase) and SDMT (sarcosine dimethylglycine methyl transferase). It is suggested that the accumulation of betaine in the cell is by accumulation of internal K+ concentration. Betaine is transported across the cells by betaine transporters which use the proton motive force or sodium motive force. There is an ATP binding cassette which couples ATP hydrolysis to the betaine uptake. They are used in therapeutics to treat the patients with liver prophylaxis (Detkova and Boltyanskaya, 2007). They are used as anticoagulants to decrease the thrombus formation, thus reducing the chances of heart attacks and strokes (Messadek, 2005). They also aid to amplify the GC rich DNA templates which can help is amplifying the product yield. They are used as an effective cryo-protectant for long term storage (Cleland et al., 2004).
Metabolomics approach to biomarkers of dry eye disease using 1H-NMR in rats
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Jung Dae Lee, Hyang Yeon Kim, Jin Ju Park, Soo Bean Oh, Hyeyoon Goo, Kyong Jin Cho, Suhkmann Kim, Kyu-Bong Kim
The global profiling data showed a clear separation of clustering between control and DED groups (under scopolamine and desiccant stress conditions) on the par-scale of PCA and OPLS-DA models (Figure 6C,D). A total of 88 endogenous metabolites were identified using Chenomx NMR Suite ver. 8.3 (Chenomx Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) in urine samples of control and DED groups (Supplementary Table 1). PCA and OPLS-DA score plots in urinary target profiling exhibited clear discrimination of clustering between groups (Figure 8). VIP demonstrated the sorting of endogenous metabolites in the order of contribution to separation of clustering. Significant metabolites were selected according to a VIP value of more than 1, which determined meaningfully important metabolites (Figure 8C). Further, the 26 urinary metabolites selected from the DED group were as follows: phenylalanine, phenylacetate, pantothenate, glycine, succinate, methanol, valine, propylene glycol, histidine, threonine, lactate, acetate, o-cresol, isoeugenol, N6-acetyllysine, trimethylamine, taurine, cis-aconitate, N,N-dimethylglycine, N-acetylglucosamine, thymol, leucine, melatonin, malonate, N-methylhydantoin, and sarcosine. Among the metabolites, phenylalanine, phenylacetate, pantothenate, glycine, succinate, methanol, valine, propylene glycol, histidine, threonine, lactate, and acetate exhibited significant differences.