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Marine Litter Plastics and Microplastics and Their Toxic Chemicals Components
Published in Leo M. L. Nollet, Khwaja Salahuddin Siddiqi, Analysis of Nanoplastics and Microplastics in Food, 2020
Frederic Gallo, Cristina Fossi, Roland Weber, David Santillo, Joao Sousa, Imogen Ingram, Angel Nadal, Dolores Romano
Other chemicals of concern include plastic additives with known or suspected endocrine disrupting properties, including alkylphenols (octylphenol and nonylphenol) used mainly as antioxidants, bisphenol A (BPA) present in polycarbonate plastics as trace monomer, phthalate esters—e.g., di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BPP)—widely used as plasticizers in proportions up to 60% of the weight of a plastic to increase properties such as flexibility, transparency or longevity, and organotin compounds (based on methyl, butyl or octyl groups, such as tributyltin§) used as stabilizing additives in some PVC polymers. For example, Takada et al. [57] and Hirai et al. [58] analyzed a wide range of chemicals in marine plastics collected from urban and remote beaches and open oceans, including theoretically “non-persistent” additives such as alkylphenols (i.e., nonylphenol, octylphenol and BPA) that were detected in concentrations ranging from ng/g to μg/g in polyethylene and polypropylene debris.¶ Moreover, a significant correlation has been demonstrated [18,60] among seven different phthalate esters (phthalates or PAEs) present in samples taken in the same area of microplastics, plankton and bubbler samples of different cetacean species.**
Biocompatibility of Elastomers
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
Dominique Chauvel-Lebret, Pascal Auroy, Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
It is technically possible to replace the toxic plasticizers in PVCs with other substances that are reputed to be nontoxic and that do not leach from the PVC (Branger et al. 1990). This is crucial and urgent for medical and food packing materials and toys (Hansen 2008) and, a fortiori, elastomeric biomaterials. BASF began developing a new plasticizer, diisononyl phthalate or Hexamoll DINCH, in the late 1990s with an excellent toxicological profile. However, BASF only began using it in their PVC biomedical products in 2008 (Hansen 2008).
Scope of the Problem
Published in Jason W. Birkett, John N. Lester, Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes, 2002
Phthalate esters represent a group of chemicals that are widely used as plasticizers and, as such, they are not chemically bound to the end product. Therefore, they have the potential to leach into their surrounding environment. The structures of several of these are given in Figure 1.5. Certain phthalates have also shown estrogenic behavior.111,112 The log Kow values for this group of chemicals range from 1.46 to 13.1,113 indicating greater lipophilicity with increasing alkyl chain length. The relative estrogenic potencies of several phthalates were in the following order:111Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) > dibutyl phthalate (DBP) > diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) > diethyl phthalate (DEP) > diisononyl phthalate (DINP).
Occurrence of phthalates in facemasks used in India and its implications for human exposure
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Nandini Shende, Girivyankatesh Hippargi, Suyog Gurjar, Asirvatham Ramesh Kumar, Sadhana Rayalu
Phthalates are identified as one of the priority pollutants of ubiquitous occurrence by the US EPA, EU, and China (Katsikantami et al. 2016). Several regulatory bodies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) of the USA, EU, and Health Canada, banned the use of phthalates >0.1%in child care articles (Eupropean Council 2005; Canada G of 2016). PAEs in consumer products have been identified as one of the threats by the Strategic Approach to International Chemical Management (Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) 2020). In India, PAEs are regulated in articles indented for children’s use by the Indian toy and children products regulation (BIS 2017), which ban the use of DBP, BBP, DEHP, DNOP (Di-n-octyl phthalate), DiNP (Diisononyl phthalate), and DiDP (Diisodecyl phthalate) in quantities >0.1%, either as a single compound or a mixture of PAEs. However, FMs are not covered under any of these regulations. Recent studies reported the occurrence of PAEs in different types of FMs manufactured in China, Canada, Europe, Japan, Korea, and the United States of America (USA) (Vimalkumar et al. 2022; Wang X. et al. 2022; Xie et al. 2022). The results indicated widespread occurrences of PAEs in FMs, and wearing FMs could be a moderate non-dietary source of PAEs exposure. For a comprehensive assessment of PAEs risk, it is essential to know the PAEs content of different types of FMs used in various countries, especially in highly populated countries such as India.
The concentration of phthalates in toys and children's care items in Kosovo
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Tahir Arbneshi, Behxhet Mustafa, Liridon Berisha, Avni Hajdari
In line with Regulation 1907/2006/EC, twenty-two of the analyzed toys and children's care items do not fulfill at least one of the EU standards. Of them, 16 were toys and children's care items destined for children under age three and designed to be placed in the mouth (Table 7). These toys and children's care items are not in line with EU standards required for diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). Regulation 1907/2006/EC for those samples stated that "they should not be used as substances or in mixtures in concentrations greater than 0.1% by weight of the plasticized material in toys and childcare articles that can be placed in the mouth by children". Six other toys and children's care items destined for children over age three, meanwhile, do not fulfill EU requirements for di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) (Table 8). EU Regulation 1907/2006/EC for those items specifically states that "they should not be used as substances or in mixtures in concentrations greater than 0.1% by weight of the plasticized material in toys and childcare articles". Contrary to our results, in Croatia childcare articles designed for chewing (bottles, baby soothers, etc.) by children under three did not exceed EU standards. As Croatia is a member of the EU, it has a more effective system for controlling the toys and children's care items in the market, explaining these differences.
The protective effect of piperine on oxidative stress and hepatic damage induced by diisononyl phthalate in rat
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Oluwatobi Adewumi Adeyemo, Ayokanmi Ore, Elizabeth Oyinkansola Ajisafe
Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), bis(7-methyloctyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate (Figure 1a), is the diisononyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid used as a general-purpose plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) [1]. Phthalates are present in flexible paints, personal care products, plastics, toys, food packages, PVC flooring and many other products that form part of our daily lives [2]. Besides exposure at the industrial processing level, humans can also be exposed through interaction with phthalate-containing materials. Phthalates, including DINP, are not chemically bound to the PVC molecules in plastic materials, and therefore are easily released, leading to human exposure from products containing them [3]. Following exposure, DINP is rapidly distributed mainly to the liver and kidneys within 1 hour. It is metabolized into hydrolytic monoesters (primary metabolites), which may undergo oxidative metabolism to hydroxy-, oxo-, and carboxy-containing secondary metabolites [4,5]. DINP exposure has been reported to cause depletion of hepatic antioxidants, oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity among other organ toxicities [6].