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Industrial Polymers
Published in Manas Chanda, Plastics Technology Handbook, 2017
Plasticizers (see also Chapter 1) are essentially nonvolatile solvents for PVC. At the processing temperature of about 150°C, molecular mixing occurs in a short period of time to give products of greater flexibility. Phthalates prepared from alcohols with about eight carbon atoms are by far the most important class and constitute more than 70% of plasticizers used. For economic reasons, diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP or DOP), and the phthalate ester of the C7–C9 oxo-alcohol, often known as dialphanyl phthalate (DAP) because of the ICI trade name “Alphanol-79” for the C7-C9 alcohols, are used. DIOP has somewhat less odor, whereas DAP has the greatest heat stability. Dibutyl phthalate and diisobutyl phthalate are also efficient plasticizers and continue to be used in PVC (except in thin sheets) despite their high volatility and water extractability.
Skin transferability of phthalic acid ester plasticizers and other plasticizers using model polyvinyl chloride sheets
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Tsuyoshi Kawakami, Kazuo Isama, Hideto Jinno
Furthermore, DEHP and other phthalates appear on the candidate list of substances of very high concern by the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). In 2005, the use of three types of PAE (DEHP, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP)) was prohibited in toys and nursery items, and the use of diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) was prohibited in items that can be inserted into the mouth.[16] From July 2020, the use of DEHP, DBP, BBP, and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) will also be prohibited (≤0.1 wt%) in plastic products that have the potential for prolonged contact with the skin or mucous membranes.[17]
A review on the presence and removal of phthalates from wastewater
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Ilona Kerienė, Audrius Maruška
The European legislation recommends reducing phthalates in a wide range of products and tightening their use in cosmetics and food packaging (SGS 2019). In 2018, the European Union’s member states voted unanimously to prohibit the use of four phthalates in consumer products sold in the EU. The four chemicals – butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) are associated with toxic effects on reproductive health (Table 1) (European Commission 2018; ECHA (European Chemical Agency) 2021a). They are widely used as plasticisers in numerous products, including toys and sports equipment. According to the European Commission’s Regulation (EU) 2018/2005, toys, childcare articles shall have a concentration of less than 0.1% of these phthalates or any combination of these phthalates. In addition, DEHP is on the list of priority 33 substances in water policy (European Commission n.d.). According to the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (2018) proposal, the Directive (EU) 2018/851 on waste requires taking measures to reduce the content of hazardous substances and collect sufficient information about the presence of these substances. Authentic Candidate List for authorisation of substances of very high concern (SVHCs) aims to ensure that SVHCs are progressively replaced by less dangerous substances or technologies where technically and economically feasible alternatives are available. Phthalates – DCHP, DPP, diisohexyl phthalate, dihexyl phthalate, n-pentyl-isopentylphthalate, diisopentyl phthalate and bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate (Table 1) have been included in this SVHC Candidate list by the European Union (ECHA (European Chemical Agency 2021b).