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Immune Modulation by Dermal Exposure to Jet Fuel
Published in Mark L. Witten, Errol Zeiger, Glenn D. Ritchie, Jet Fuel Toxicology, 2010
Gerardo Ramos, Stephen E. Ullrich
Third, in regard to immune suppression induced following dermal application of jet fuel, we noted that there was no difference between military jet fuel and the fuel used by commercial airlines. As mentioned above, JP-8 is Jet A, supplemented with an anti-corrosive agent (DCI-450), an anti-icing agent (diethylene glycol monomethyl-ether), and an anti-static agent (Statis 450). Early on, attention focused on the additive package as the agent(s) responsible for inducing immune suppression. Experimental results, however, indicated that this was not the case. The dose-response curve for immune suppression induced by JP-8 and Jet A are identical (Figure 6.1) (Ramos et al., 2002). Also, the mechanisms involved are similar. Both platelet-activating factor (PAF) and PGE2 are involved in the immune suppression induced by JP-8 and Jet A, in that injecting a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, or selective PAF receptor antagonists into JP-8 or Jet-A-treated mice blocked immune suppression (Ramos et al., 2004; Ramos et al., 2002). While these findings indicated that the base kerosene fuel—and not the additive package—induces immune suppression, it left unanswered what chemical or class of chemicals in jet fuel causes the immunotoxicity (see section entitled “The Aromatic Compounds in Jet Fuel Drive Immune Suppression”).
Sustainable Production and Utilization Technologies of Biojet Fuels
Published in Prasenjit Mondal, Ajay K. Dalai, Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources, 2017
Philip E. Boahene, Ajay K. Dalai
Typical acidic supports are amorphous oxides or mixtures of oxides, zeolites, and silica-aluminophosphates. Conditions favorable for typical hydrocracking reaction are 3–5 MPa total pressure and 550°C–600°C [36,37]. The zeolites, chlorinated alumina, and metal-promoted acidic zeolites (Ni/H-ZSM-5) are acidic and are used for hydrocracking reactions [38]. The dual-functional catalysts such as Pt/chlorinated-Al2O3 and Pt/zeolites are used for isomerization. The acidic components (chlorinated alumina or zeolite) participate in the reaction steps where carbenium ions are involved, while the metallic component offers hydrogenation–dehydrogenation activity. In case of Pt/zeolite catalysts, the chlorination is not required; however, higher reaction temperature has to be applied [39]. This catalyst is resistant to water and sulfur compounds in the feed, but it is less active than Pt/chlorided alumina. Another super acidic bifunctional catalyst is Pt/sulfated zirconia, which is more active than chlorinated alumina [40]. For wax feedstocks, the octane number needs enhancement through isomerization and alkylation reactions and the freezing point adjustment requires chemical depressants. The resulting fuel can be blended with other light hydrocarbons, such as butane and isopentane, to meet the minimum vapor pressure requirement for jet fuels. Finally, the additives such as tetraethyl lead and ethylene dibromide mixture for anti-knocking properties; diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (di-EGME) for icing inhibition; 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methyl phenol for preventing gum formation, and dyes for color coding of aviation fuels can be added to meet specifications for jet fuels or ATF applications [2].
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies by Cutaneous Administration
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Rochelle W. Tyl, Raymond G. York, James L. Schardein
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (butyl carbitol) was innocuous when applied topically to rabbits on gestation days 7 to 18 at dosages as high as 1 g/kg/day.104 Similar results were obtained in rats with diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (carbitol) applied on gestation days 7 to 16.105 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (methyl carbitol) elicited some toxicity but only at maternally toxic doses of 750 mg/kg; increased resorption and delayed ossification were observed in rabbit fetuses whose does were dosed on gestation days 6 to 18.106
Toxicity and human health assessment of an alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) synthetic kerosene developed under an international agreement with Sweden
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
D.R. Mattie, B.A. Wong, K.L. Mumy, S.M. McInturf, L.M. Shafer, R. Allen, J.T. Edwards, I. Sibomana, T.R. Sterner
The test substances involved in this study and their analytical components are presented in Table 1. All fuels were identified by the POSF logbook number provided by AFRL/RQTF (formerly the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories (AFWAL/POSF) Wright-Patterson AFB, OH). Two Swedish Biofuel (SB) ATJ SPK fuels, the original formulation of SB-8 ATJ SPK (old; POSF # 5668) and new formulation of SB-8 ATJ SPK (new; POSF # 7633) fuels were produced by Swedish Biofuels AB (Stockholm). These fuels were developed through an international agreement and funded by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (SwedishBiofuels 2014). Petroleum-derived JP-8 (POSF # 4658) was included as a “positive” control with which to compare dermal responses to the SB-8 fuels. All fuels tested contained the standard JP-8 additive package. The three required additives by the Air Force for JP-8 are diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DIEGME) at 0.1 vol/vol % as an ice inhibitor; Stadis 450 at 2 mg/L as a proprietary static inhibitor and DCI-4A at 15 mg/L as a proprietary corrosion inhibitor.
Deep-UV laser direct writing of photoluminescent ZnO submicron patterns: an example of nanoarchitectonics concept
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Quentin Kirscher, Samar Hajjar-Garreau, Fabien Grasset, Dominique Berling, Olivier Soppera
Zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2 . 2H2O, Sigma Aldrich), tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH, 25 wt.% in methanol, Alfa Aesar), zinc propionate (C6H10O4Zn, Thermo Fischer), zinc 2-ethylhexanoate (C16H30O4Zn, Zn 20%, cont. 1% diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, Alfa Aesar), zinc stearate (C36H70O4Zn, Aldrich), diethyl ether (Et2O, Aldrich) and anhydrous 1-propanol (Aldrich) were used as received.
Synthesis and characterization of Ag-decorated litchi-like porous Cu/Cu2O micro/nanoparticles with antibacterial activity
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Shuo Li, Bojing Wu, Tongxiang Chen, Yinggang Wu, Jiaxing Wang, Xiaowen Zhang, Zongliu Lu, Lihui Wang
Copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O, AR), Ammonia solution (NH3·H2O, AR), and L (+)-Ascorbic acid (VC, AR) were purchased from XILONG SCIENTIFIC. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, mw8000, K16-18) and Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DGMME, 99%) were purchased from MACKLIN. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) was purchased from Rhonda Chemical. All chemical reagents were used without further purification.