China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Chemistry of Hazardous Materials
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
In 1867, Swedish engineer Alfred Nobel discovered that pure nitroglycerin could be absorbed into a porous material such as siliceous earth. The resulting mixture became known as dynamite. Nobel made a substantial fortune from his discovery and used it to establish a monetary fund known as Nobel prizes. Dynamite could be handled much more safely, a property that allowed it to be transported more easily and used with far less risk. Today, dynamite is manufactured by absorbing a mixture of nitroglycerin and diethylene glycol dinitrate into wood pulp, sawdust, flour, starch, or similar carbonaceous materials. Although itself an explosive, the purpose of diethylene glycol dinitrate is to depress the solution’s freezing point, so that it remains a liquid at low temperatures. Calcium carbonate is added to neutralize the presence of nitric acid in case of hydrolysis.
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Other explosives that are forbidden in transportation include explosives that contain a chlorate along with an ammonium salt or an acidic substance including a salt of a weak base and a strong acid; explosives packages that are leaking, damaged, unstable condemned or contain deteriorated propellants; nitroglycerin, diethylene glycol dinitrate or other liquid explosives not authorized; fireworks that combine an explosive and a detonator; fireworks containing yellow or white phosphorus; and toy torpedoes exceeding 0.906 in. outside dimension or containing a mixture of potassium chlorate, black antimony (antimony sulfide) and sulfur, if the weight of the explosive material in the device exceeds 0.01 oz. The Hazardous Materials Table in CFR 49 part 172.101 lists all specific restricted explosives in various modes of transportation and those forbidden from shipment (DOT).
Explosive terrorism characteristics of explosives and explosions
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Hydrazoic acid or hydrogen azide is a dangerous explosion risk when shocked or heated. Metal fulminates, such as mercury fulminate, explode readily when dry. It is used in the manufacturing of caps and detonators for producing explosions. Ammonium chlorate, which is shock sensitive, can detonate when exposed to heat or vibration. It is used in the production of explosives. Ammonium perchlorate is also shock sensitive and may explode when exposed to heat or by spontaneous chemical reaction. This is the material that was involved in the explosion at the Pepcon plant in Henderson, Nevada. It is used in the production of explosives, pyrotechnics, etching, engraving, and jet and rocket propellants. Diethylene glycol dinitrate is a severe explosion hazard when shocked or heated. It is used as a plasticizer in solid rocket propellants.
The transfer and exploitation of German air-to-air rocket and guided missile technology by the Western Allies after World War II
Published in The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, 2020
Complete R4M rounds, associated documents, and samples of the propellants were forwarded from the HEC to the Projectile Development Establishment (PDE) at Aberporth in southern Wales for detailed examination (Figure 2). Before the rounds were examined, two types of propellant charges that were used in the R4M underwent quantitative chemical analysis at the PDE. The tentative results (over 99% accurate) found that the propellant ‘Type A’ was an extruded double-based propellant which consisted of cellulose nitrate (nitrocellulose) and diethylene glycol dinitrate (DGDN) as the two primary constituents – common in German solid propellants in guided missiles, assisted take-off units and artillery rocket applications – with various minor constituents. A ‘Type B’ consisted of slightly less nitrocellulose but around 18.6% trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 17% DGDN as the other primary constituents.37
Uncertainty analysis of the flame temperature determination based on atmospheric absorption effect with optical emission spectroscopy
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2018
The IR countermeasure flare used in this study was designed to be hotter than aircraft exhaust and to emit an indistinguishable signature in order to act as a decoy for heat-seeking missiles. It is composed of nitrocellulose (NC), nitroglycerine (NG), diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN), and methyl diphenylurea (Akardite II). The flare was molded into a rectangular shape 1-inch wide, 1-inch high, and 8 inches long. The sample mixture was then ignited using metal powder and triggered by electric sparks.