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Common Sense Emergency Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Common Sense Emergency Response, 2020
When comparing the physical and chemical characteristics of gasoline, diesel fuel, and ethanol, it would appear that ethanol falls somewhere between gasoline and diesel fuel in terms of its combustible characteristics. Gasoline has flashpoint and ignition temperatures of −45°F and >540°F, respectively. Diesel fuel has flashpoint and ignition temperatures of >125°F and 500°F, respectively. Ethanol has flashpoint and ignition temperatures of 61.88°F and 685°F, respectively. In terms of ignition temperature, gasoline and ethanol are closer than diesel fuel, which means the liquids must be heated to near the same temperature or the ignition source temperature would be close to ignite both liquids.
Emergency Generators
Published in Michael F. Hordeski, Emergency and Backup Power Sources:, 2020
Diesel fuel quality is expressed by the cetane number. The more easily the fuel ignites, the higher the cetane number. The rough combustion associated with ignition lag is sometimes called diesel detonation. However, diesels do not detonate like SI engines. Some vibration or clatter can occur during start-up but if the condition persists, there may be injector or fuel quality problems.
Diesel Automotive Trends
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
Table 57.2 lists numerous advantages and disadvantages of owning a vehicle equipped with a diesel engine. The diesel engine’s much higher compression ratio, lean burn operation, and direct injection make it not only more energy efficient, but also creates more torque (i.e., power) than a spark-ignition gasoline engine of the same displacement. In addition, diesel fuel is less flammable and less explosive than gasoline and also contains up to 11% more energy content per gallon of fuel. The heat content for diesel fuel is 138,700 Btu/gal compared with 125,000/gal for gasoline [3].
Monitoring the transesterification reaction of castor oil and methanol by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy
Published in Biofuels, 2019
Christopher Ehiaguina Akhabue, Onyeka Stanislaus Okwundu
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel which is an alternative petroleum-based diesel fuel. It is a mixture of mono alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from triglycerides. Triglycerides are obtained from lipids and tallows, such as vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is produced from the transesterification of triglycerides with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. Biodiesel fuel is used in compression ignition engines [1,2]. Biodiesel is preferable as fuel to either the lipid or the tallow feedstocks, because it is more volatile and has a lower viscosity and it is therefore suitable for use at a wider temperature range than the latter are [3,4]. The biodiesel fuel is also called fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE). The alkyl end of the ester (biodiesel) is usually introduced through an acid-catalyzed esterification process of free fatty acids (FFAs) and/or by base-catalyzed transesterification of the triglycerides in the feedstock, using a short-chain alcohol. The biodiesel is termed fatty acid methyl ester if methanol is used, while FAEE applies in the case of using ethanol. The production of biodiesel by transesterification from oils containing more than 1% free fatty acid (FFA) is complicated as the FFAs form soap with the alkaline catalyst, hence making separation of the mixture of biodiesel and glycerol (which are both products of the transesterification reaction) difficult [5]. For oils having an FFA content above 1%, a pretreatment (esterification) step of the oil with an acid catalyst is recommended before the transesterification reaction is carried out [2].
Evaluation of the fuel quality values of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) oil as a biodiesel feedstock
Published in Biofuels, 2018
The idea of using vegetable oil as a fuel started with the invention of the diesel engine [101]. The use of vegetable oil was not acceptable because it was more expensive than petrol. However, with recent price increases in oil and uncertainty in oil production, there is a renewed interest in using vegetable oils in diesel engines [10]. Vegetable oils, also known as triglycerides, contain about 98% triglycerides, and a small amount of mono- and diglycerides. Triglycerides contain the methyl ester of three fatty acid molecules, a glycerol and a sufficient amount of oxygen in their structures [2]. Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel obtained from renewable sources such as animal or vegetable oils. Chemically, the long-chain fatty acid is defined as a mono alkyl ester [6]. It is biodegradable and non-toxic, has a low emissivity profile and is environmentally useful [11]. Vegetable oils can be used as fuels for diesel engines, but their viscosities are much higher than usual diesel fuel, thus requiring modifications of the engines [12]. Transesterification is used for reducing vegetable oil viscosity [13]. Biodiesel can be used directly in place of diesel fuel also in forming a mixture in a certain proportion to the current diesel fuel. Pyrolysis, dilution, microemulsion and transesterification are the common procedures for producing biodiesel from vegetable oils [14]; the most viable and economical process is the transesterification process [15]. Biodiesel produced via transesterification has proven to be a viable alternative fuel with similar characteristics to diesel fuel [16].
A weighted principal component analysis approach for online quality determination of biodiesel using spectrophotometry data
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Mina Tehranizadeh, Ahmad Ghazanfari Moghaddam, Hassan Hashmipour Rafsenjani
During the past three decades, the price increase, resources limitation, and unfavorable environmental effects of fossil fuels have led to the use of renewable energies which are more environment friendly. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that is produced from various oilseeds and animal fat, with its physical and thermal characteristics close to diesel fuel. Hence, it can be directly used in diesel engines (de Siqueira Cavalcanti et al. 2019). One disadvantage of biodiesel fuel is the lack of stability due to its oxidation in proximity to air (Pereira et al. 2015).