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Catalytic Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Fuels and Value-Added Chemicals
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Dai-Viet N. Vo, Fuel Processing and Energy Utilization, 2019
Shireen Quereshi, Suman Dutta, Tarun Kumar Naiya
Biomass contains a relatively higher content of oxygen and a lower amount of carbon and hydrogen compared to petroleum sources, which make biorefineries unique and more versatile than petroleum refineries. Variation in the content of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen enables the formation of a wide range of chemicals and fuels. Nevertheless, the high content of oxygen lowers the heat content and increases its polarity towards blending with other fossil fuels. The basic disadvantages associated with biorefineries are their low efficiency, which needs to be improved by deoxygenation and depolymerization of biomass. The deoxygenation is required for removal of oxygen before it is further processed into chemicals. Depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass is an initial step for converting into its monomers by various conversion technologies as previously described. Nevertheless, various platform chemicals derived require different conversion technologies, and the amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content should be investigated before applying the conversion technologies (Banerjee et al. 2010; Cherubini and Strømman 2011; Isikgor and Becer 2015).
Production of Bio-Oil
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Kevin M. Van Geem, Ismaël Amghizar, Florence Vermeire, Ruben De Bruycker, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
Here, focus is on catalytic upgrading by hydrotreating (Choudhary and Phillips 2011, Elliott 2007, Huber et al. 2006) and zeolite cracking (Adjaye and Bakhshi 1995, Huber et al. 2006, Putun et al. 2009, Stephanidis et al. 2011). These processes reduce the oxygen content of bio-oil. Complete deoxygenation results in a hydrocarbon product that can be readily used in conventional refineries.
Bio-oil and bio-char from lactuca scariola: significance of catalyst and temperature for assessing yield and quality of pyrolysis
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
The findings of the elemental analysis of bio-chars and bio-oils obtained at 350, 450, and 550°C are provided in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. As shown in Table 2, bio-oil C contents obtained in all temperature trials varies between 44.52–59.27, while bio-oil HHV values changes between 16.80–25.42 MJ/kg. In Table 3, the results of the elemental analysis of solid products obtained in all temperature trials are seen. The C content of solid products alters between 54.54–76.14, and the HHV values range between 14.31–25.89 MJ/kg. In the attained liquid and solid products, compared to the raw material, the oxygen ratio decreased while the C ratio increased. HHV values higher than raw material HHV value (13.74 Mj/kg) were obtained. The decrease in oxygen contents in bio-oils throughout pyrolysis might be related to deoxygenation reactions such as reduction of oxygen in the form of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Likewise, catalytic deoxygenation is one of the active processes used to reduce the amount of oxygen within bio-oil. Decarboxylation, dehydration, and decarbonylation are typical deoxygenation reactions to remove oxygen in the form of H2O, CO, and CO2. Removal of oxygen in the form of CO2 is the most desirable condition because the oxygen removed in this way contributes to the effective H/C ratio for bio-oil. On the other hand, by dehydration of sugars derived from cellulose and hemicellulose, anhydrosugars and furans such as levoglucosan 1.4:3.6-Dianhydro-A-D-glucopyranose, 1-hydroxy-3.6-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] Octan-2-one can be obtained. These products are value-added substances that can be transformed into many valuable-beneficial chemicals (Fabbri et al., 2007).