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Air Cargo
Published in Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić, Introduction to the Air Transport System, 2022
Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić
The nine hazard classes for dangerous goods are following:4Class 1 — Explosive materials,Class 2 — Gases,Class 3 — Flammable Liquids,Class 4 — Flammable Solids,Class 5 — Oxidizing Substances and Organic Pesticides,Class 6 — Toxic and Infectious Substances,Class 7 — Radioactive Materials,Class 8 — Corrosive Materials,Class 9 — Miscellaneous.
Port Authorities and Regulatory Framework
Published in Maria G. Burns, Port Management and Operations, 2018
At a global level, the committee of experts on the transport of dangerous goods of the United Nations Economic and Social Council establishes Model Regulations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods. In the maritime industry, the IMO has produced the IMO Dangerous Goods Regulations for sea transport and the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code as a section of the International Convention for SOLAS. Furthermore, the regulatory framework for HAZMAT is covered in IMO’s International Convention for Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping, Regulation II/2, Sections A-II/2, B-V/b, and B-V/c. For rail transport, the Intergovernmental Organization for International Carriage by Rail has created the regulations pertaining to the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail as a component of the Convention for International Carriage by Rail.
International Carriage of Dangerous Goods
Published in Lowe FCILT David, Intermodal Freight Transport, 2006
The nine classes cover the main types of dangerous goods (e.g. explosives, gases, flammable, and oxidizing substances, etc.). Each of these classes is further subdivided into a number of divisions, which more specifically identify dangerous goods falling within each of the classes. A further degree of classification is given by assigning goods to a packing group according to the degree of danger they present.
Chemical pollutants in closed environments of transportation and storage of non-dangerous goods – Insufficient legislation, low awareness, and poor practice in Hungary
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Szabolcs Lovas, Orsolya Varga, Tom Loney, Balázs Ádám
The governing document is the Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods accepted by the United Nations (United Nations 2019). Further recommendations are the recommendations on the safe use of pesticides in ships (IMO, 2010), the revised recommendations on the safe use of pesticides in ships applicable to the fumigation of cargo transport units (MSC, 2010), the revised recommendations for entering enclosed spaces aboard ships (IMO 2011), as well as the Code of Practice on Safety and Efficacy for Marine Fumigation (IMFO 2010). These recommendations advise preventive measures in connection with the use of fumigants, such as identifying the potential weaknesses during fumigation, correct use of personal protective equipment, actions for ventilation and aeration as well as the application of warning signs at every fumigated places to keep workers away from the possibly harmful environments. Ensuring sufficient time for the gas-free condition before entering fumigated closed spaces is the major safety provision that can be found in all recommendations.
Closed-loop digital twin system for air cargo load planning operations
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2021
Eugene Y. C. Wong, Daniel Y. Mo, Stuart So
To cater for cargo with different destinations, Scenario 2 illustrates cargo to be discharged in John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) or Calgary International Airport (YYC). The simulated results show improvement in CG and loading arrangement when compared to the actual plan. The actual load plan of a ULD in A2 position has its discharge destination later than that in A1. Scenario 3 adds cargo selection, multiple destinations (ANC, YYC and JFK) and urgency priority to the simulation. Scenario 4 involves dangerous goods segregation. The dangerous goods are classified into nine classes according to International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) guidelines (United Nations 2019), and cargo positionings are added based on the constraints in the ICAO segregation chart. For example, explosive cargo with DG code as RCX Explosive 1.3 C has been simulated and allocated to a position not next to another explosive cargo with DG code as RXB Explosive 1.4B in the simulated case. The VR platform and sensor feedback loop allow for the validation and detection of ULD positions with reference to the discharge destinations and dangerous goods segregation, eliminating incorrect positions of ULD being loaded. The digital twin system has also been developed to handle oversize cargo loading, which is simulated in Scenario 5. The simulated load plan with the assigned position and orientation for the oversize engine can be validated in the VR platform (Figure 8). If there is any deviation between actual and planned cargo size and contours is detected during the gate-in process, the updated data are stored in an online database and passed to the VR platform to simulate the load plan, including the loading path of the oversize cargo. This reduces operating time in physical trial loadings and ensures safe stowage during cargo loading.