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Marine Litter Plastics and Microplastics and Their Toxic Chemicals Components
Published in Leo M. L. Nollet, Khwaja Salahuddin Siddiqi, Analysis of Nanoplastics and Microplastics in Food, 2020
Frederic Gallo, Cristina Fossi, Roland Weber, David Santillo, Joao Sousa, Imogen Ingram, Angel Nadal, Dolores Romano
Other chemicals of concern include plastic additives with known or suspected endocrine disrupting properties, including alkylphenols (octylphenol and nonylphenol) used mainly as antioxidants, bisphenol A (BPA) present in polycarbonate plastics as trace monomer, phthalate esters—e.g., di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BPP)—widely used as plasticizers in proportions up to 60% of the weight of a plastic to increase properties such as flexibility, transparency or longevity, and organotin compounds (based on methyl, butyl or octyl groups, such as tributyltin§) used as stabilizing additives in some PVC polymers. For example, Takada et al. [57] and Hirai et al. [58] analyzed a wide range of chemicals in marine plastics collected from urban and remote beaches and open oceans, including theoretically “non-persistent” additives such as alkylphenols (i.e., nonylphenol, octylphenol and BPA) that were detected in concentrations ranging from ng/g to μg/g in polyethylene and polypropylene debris.¶ Moreover, a significant correlation has been demonstrated [18,60] among seven different phthalate esters (phthalates or PAEs) present in samples taken in the same area of microplastics, plankton and bubbler samples of different cetacean species.**
Scope of the Problem
Published in Jason W. Birkett, John N. Lester, Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes, 2002
Phthalate esters represent a group of chemicals that are widely used as plasticizers and, as such, they are not chemically bound to the end product. Therefore, they have the potential to leach into their surrounding environment. The structures of several of these are given in Figure 1.5. Certain phthalates have also shown estrogenic behavior.111,112 The log Kow values for this group of chemicals range from 1.46 to 13.1,113 indicating greater lipophilicity with increasing alkyl chain length. The relative estrogenic potencies of several phthalates were in the following order:111Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) > dibutyl phthalate (DBP) > diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) > diethyl phthalate (DEP) > diisononyl phthalate (DINP).
Introduction to Basic Toxicology
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
DEHP and DOP: DEHP is one of the most abundantly manufactured and used plasticizers, originally intended as a softening agent in PVC.DEHP leaching qualities first brought to recent public attention when PVC intravenous bags used in hospital blood transfusions were found to contain 800 times the safe concentration of DEHP.The sale of all phthalates in toys for children was banned by the CPSC as of February 10, 2009 in the United States. The city of San Francisco imposed an earlier ban on the manufacturing, sale, and distribution of all child care articles and toys containing most phthalates (and BPA) in June of 2006.DEHP is known to cause liver cancer and impair sperm counts.On July 5, 2015, the European Union through its R.E.A.C.H. program, banned the use of DEHP and other phthalates such as, DBP (di butyl phthalate) and BBP (benzyl butyl phthalate] in all child care products and toys and restricted the use of three other phthalates (DIDP, DNOP, and DINP) in products that children can put in their mouths.However, most other countries do not prohibit or restrict the use of phthalates as plasticizers.
Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in pregnant rat and human
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Jerry L. Campbell, Rainer Otter, Warwick A. Anderson, Matthew P. Longnecker, Rebecca A. Clewell, Colin North, Harvey J. Clewell
Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP is a high molecular weight phthalate used primarily in as plasticizer in flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) applications. Structurally, DiNP is a complex mixture of diesters. There are two technically interchangeable types of DiNP available on the market: 1, 2-Benzene-dicarboxylic acid esterified with branched alcohols consisting of C8-C10 (C9 rich) alkyl side chains (CAS No 68515–48-0), also referred to as DiNP1, or in case of DiNP2 (CAS No 28553–12-0) esterified with alcohols consisting of branched and linear solely C9 alkyl side chains (Koch et al. 2012; Schütze et al. 2017). Currently, DiNP is replacing di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) widely in industrial and consumer products such as construction materials, electrical wires and cables, automotive parts, clothing, and furniture (ECHA 2013). Diet is the predominant route of human phthalate exposure (Koch et al. 2013), substantially smaller contributions result from inhalation and dermal contact with foods, dust and products that contain the plasticizer (Kransler, Bachman, and McKee 2012).
The protective effect of piperine on oxidative stress and hepatic damage induced by diisononyl phthalate in rat
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Oluwatobi Adewumi Adeyemo, Ayokanmi Ore, Elizabeth Oyinkansola Ajisafe
Exposure to phthalates is currently a source of concern worldwide, considering the industrial importance of phthalates as well as their potential health risks [23,24]. DINP is one of the most commonly applied phthalates in wide varieties of plastic products and other household materials [25]. Studies have demonstrated the ability of DINP to induce hepatotoxicity via oxidative stress, inflammation and depletion of the hepatic antioxidant system [6,26,27]. Piperine (PIPE), an alkaloid from black pepper, has demonstrated huge potentials in the treatment of chronic diseases, mostly attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [28]. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of PIPE in DINP-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat model.
Endocrine Disruptors (Phthalates and Alkylphenols) in Harbor Surface Sediments Reflect Anthropogenic Pollution
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2023
Chih-Feng Chen, Yun-Ru Ju, Ming-Huang Wang, Frank Paolo Jay B Albarico, Shu-Hui Lee, Chiu-Wen Chen, Cheng-Di Dong
PCA was performed using the concentrations of PAEs and APs in all sediment samples, except for rarely detected DHP, BBP, and DEP. A total of 2 principal components (PC1 and PC2) were obtained (Table S9), which explained 67.7% of the total variance (Figure 4a). PC1 could explain 40.1% of the sediment variability, with 4-NP, 4-t-OP, DEHP, and DMP having high positive loadings (>0.70) and DiDP having moderate positive loadings (0.643). The surface sediments with relatively high PC1 scores (Figure 4b) were mainly located near the river estuaries (AP3, KH3, KH5, and KL3). This shows that the compounds with high loadings in PC1 are mainly transported into the port area by the river and are highly accumulated in the estuarine sediments. PC2 explained 27.6% of the variance, with DiBP and DnBP having relatively high positive loadings, and DnOP (0.659) and DiNP (0.536) having moderate positive loadings. Major uses of DiBP and DnBP include indoor and outdoor applications such as consumer products, polyurethane, paints, varnishes, adhesives, and sealants (Nagorka et al. 2022; Net et al. 2015). DnOP and DiNP are used in recycled rubber tires, stationery, wires, and cables, shoe soles, anti-corrosion paints, antifouling paints, sealants and automotive primers (Huang et al. 2019). In addition to direct and indirect releases to the environment from product use, atmospheric deposition is considered a relevant transport pathway for PAEs (Lenoir et al. 2016; Nagorka et al. 2022; Xie et al. 2005; Zeng et al. 2010). Harbor operations, ships, fishing ports, and fishery-related activities can also directly contribute to PAEs in harbor sediments (Akhbarizadeh et al. 2017; Mi et al. 2019). Figure 4b shows that the PC2 score of the stations outside the port is relatively lower than that of the stations in the port, and the stations near the river estuary are not higher, indicating that DiBP, DnBP, DnOP and DiNP may pass through multiple direct or Indirect routes enter the port area and accumulate in surface sediments (Mi et al. 2019). In summary, rivers are an important input source of PAEs and APs in port sediments, and are also the main factor directing the spatial variation of pollutant concentrations in port sediments. Likewise, the semi-enclosed compartment of harbor areas is an important factor in the accumulation of pollutants in the sediments contributed by multiple anthropogenic sources.