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Marine Litter Plastics and Microplastics and Their Toxic Chemicals Components
Published in Leo M. L. Nollet, Khwaja Salahuddin Siddiqi, Analysis of Nanoplastics and Microplastics in Food, 2020
Frederic Gallo, Cristina Fossi, Roland Weber, David Santillo, Joao Sousa, Imogen Ingram, Angel Nadal, Dolores Romano
Other chemicals of concern include plastic additives with known or suspected endocrine disrupting properties, including alkylphenols (octylphenol and nonylphenol) used mainly as antioxidants, bisphenol A (BPA) present in polycarbonate plastics as trace monomer, phthalate esters—e.g., di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BPP)—widely used as plasticizers in proportions up to 60% of the weight of a plastic to increase properties such as flexibility, transparency or longevity, and organotin compounds (based on methyl, butyl or octyl groups, such as tributyltin§) used as stabilizing additives in some PVC polymers. For example, Takada et al. [57] and Hirai et al. [58] analyzed a wide range of chemicals in marine plastics collected from urban and remote beaches and open oceans, including theoretically “non-persistent” additives such as alkylphenols (i.e., nonylphenol, octylphenol and BPA) that were detected in concentrations ranging from ng/g to μg/g in polyethylene and polypropylene debris.¶ Moreover, a significant correlation has been demonstrated [18,60] among seven different phthalate esters (phthalates or PAEs) present in samples taken in the same area of microplastics, plankton and bubbler samples of different cetacean species.**
Introduction to Basic Toxicology
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
DEHP and DOP: DEHP is one of the most abundantly manufactured and used plasticizers, originally intended as a softening agent in PVC.DEHP leaching qualities first brought to recent public attention when PVC intravenous bags used in hospital blood transfusions were found to contain 800 times the safe concentration of DEHP.The sale of all phthalates in toys for children was banned by the CPSC as of February 10, 2009 in the United States. The city of San Francisco imposed an earlier ban on the manufacturing, sale, and distribution of all child care articles and toys containing most phthalates (and BPA) in June of 2006.DEHP is known to cause liver cancer and impair sperm counts.On July 5, 2015, the European Union through its R.E.A.C.H. program, banned the use of DEHP and other phthalates such as, DBP (di butyl phthalate) and BBP (benzyl butyl phthalate] in all child care products and toys and restricted the use of three other phthalates (DIDP, DNOP, and DINP) in products that children can put in their mouths.However, most other countries do not prohibit or restrict the use of phthalates as plasticizers.
Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
Phthalates are salts and esters of the phthalic acid. Examples of these substances include di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) [Kulik-Kupka et al. 2017].
The concentration of phthalates in toys and children's care items in Kosovo
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Tahir Arbneshi, Behxhet Mustafa, Liridon Berisha, Avni Hajdari
In line with Regulation 1907/2006/EC, twenty-two of the analyzed toys and children's care items do not fulfill at least one of the EU standards. Of them, 16 were toys and children's care items destined for children under age three and designed to be placed in the mouth (Table 7). These toys and children's care items are not in line with EU standards required for diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). Regulation 1907/2006/EC for those samples stated that "they should not be used as substances or in mixtures in concentrations greater than 0.1% by weight of the plasticized material in toys and childcare articles that can be placed in the mouth by children". Six other toys and children's care items destined for children over age three, meanwhile, do not fulfill EU requirements for di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) (Table 8). EU Regulation 1907/2006/EC for those items specifically states that "they should not be used as substances or in mixtures in concentrations greater than 0.1% by weight of the plasticized material in toys and childcare articles". Contrary to our results, in Croatia childcare articles designed for chewing (bottles, baby soothers, etc.) by children under three did not exceed EU standards. As Croatia is a member of the EU, it has a more effective system for controlling the toys and children's care items in the market, explaining these differences.
Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and phthalates in floor and road dust from a manual e-waste dismantling facility and adjacent communities in Thailand
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Dudsadee Muenhor, Hyo-Bang Moon, Sunggyu Lee, Emma Goosey
Phthalates (otherwise known as phthalate diesters, phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and dialkyl phthalate esters) are synthetic diesters of phthalic acid that can be broadly categorized into lighter molecular weight (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP)), and greater molecular weight (benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP)).[11,12] The lower molecular weight congeners (DMP, DEP and DBP) are utilized mostly in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, adhesives, solvents, inks, waxes and insecticides.[12] DBP is also applied to the enteric coatings of some medications. Higher congeners (DEHP, DiNP, DOP and DiDP) are utilized in clothing, building material and furnishings, but their greatest use is as plasticizers.[12–14]
Skin transferability of phthalic acid ester plasticizers and other plasticizers using model polyvinyl chloride sheets
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Tsuyoshi Kawakami, Kazuo Isama, Hideto Jinno
Furthermore, DEHP and other phthalates appear on the candidate list of substances of very high concern by the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). In 2005, the use of three types of PAE (DEHP, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP)) was prohibited in toys and nursery items, and the use of diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) was prohibited in items that can be inserted into the mouth.[16] From July 2020, the use of DEHP, DBP, BBP, and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) will also be prohibited (≤0.1 wt%) in plastic products that have the potential for prolonged contact with the skin or mucous membranes.[17]