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DNA—Surfactant Systems
Published in Victor M. Starov, Nanoscience, 2010
Rita Dias, Carmen Morán, Diana Costa, Maria Miguel, Björn Lindman
When, on the contrary, the volume of the hydrophobic part is increased (using, e.g., double chained surfactants), the complexes will adopt a lamellar structure, L, where the amphiphiles are organized into bilayers while the DNA molecules form a two-dimensional phase between the bilayers. This has been observed with lipids (Radler et al. 1997), catanionic mixtures, that is, mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants (Dias et al. 2002b; Rosa et al. 2007), and also with cationic surfactant and decanol mixtures in excess of water (Bilalov et al. 2004). A further increase of the hydrophobic part leads to the formation of inverted structures, such as the inverted hexagonal HII , found for double-chained lipids with small headgroups (Hsu et al. 2005; Koltover et al. 1998), or by using mixtures of C12TAB and decanol, in excess of oil (Bilalov et al. 2004). Also, the addition of hexanol to DNA–C16TAB complexes showed the transition HI → L → HII (Krishnaswamy et al. 2004). Recently, attempts have been made to form microemulsions containing DNA. The phase diagrams of the ternary systems of DNA–C12TAB complex, water, and alcohols of different chain lengths showed a classical central area, with a macroscopically homogeneous phase. However, instead of a microemulsion this area was found to be a coexistence region of an inverted hexagonal and a lamellar phase. It is suggested that having DNA as counterion to the surfactant makes the surfactant film too rigid to form microemulsions (Bilalov et al. 2004).
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Published in Brajendra K. Sharma, Girma Biresaw, Environmentally Friendly and Biobased Lubricants, 2016
Kenneth M. Doll, Bryan R. Moser, Zengshe Liu, Rex E. Murray
In the industrial use of metathesis technology, the 18-carbon diacids from self-metathesis of oleic-rich oils serve as precursors to polyamides, polyurethanes, lubricants, and adhesives. Other products from the cross metathesis reaction with ethene of high-oleic plant oils to yield 1-decene and methyl 9-decenoate (Figure 5.5) are also industrially significant [88]. Decene is a valuable α-olefin used in the production of polyalphaolefins (PAOs) and other important chemicals [110]. However, markets for and applications of methyl 9-decenoate are still under development. In addition, practical and scalable methods for production of this emerging biobased chemical intermediate are needed. Existing literature on chemical modification of methyl 9-decenoate includes metathetical dimerization to yield an 18-carbon diacid, identical to that obtained from self-metathesis of methyl oleate [111]. Other chemical modifications include oxidative hydroformylation to yield an 11-carbon diacid for polyesters; derivatization to 10-aminodecanoic acid needed for nylon-10 production; and epoxidation to 9,10-epoxydecanoic acid used as a monomer for epoxy resins [112]. Additionally, transesterification of methyl 9-decenoate with simple diols followed by acyclic diene metathesis polymerization yields unsaturated polyesters which are used in adhesives, coatings, fibers, and resins and which are potentially biodegradable [113]. Nonpolymer applications of methyl 9-decenoate include hydrolysis and hydrogenation to yield decanoic acid or decanol, both of which are used in the synthesis of lubricants and plasticizers [114]. Methyl 9-decenoate is also used to produce fragrances (9-decen-1-ol), pheromones (9-oxo-trans-2-decenoic acid), and prostaglandin intermediates (9-oxodecanoic acid) [115,116].
Microemulsions: Principles, Scope, Methods, and Applications in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Nanotechnology and Nanomaterial Applications in Food, Health, and Biomedical Sciences, 2019
Irina Pereira, Sara Antunes, Ana C. Santos, Francisco J. Veiga, Amélia M. Silva, Prapaporn Boonme, Eliana B. Souto
Ethanol volatility renders another mechanism since the evaporation of ethanol from the dosage form intensifies drug concentration which leads to a supersaturated state thus facilitating permeation. The penetration enhancer effect is dependent on its concentration in the formulation.61 Other examples of cosurfactants that can facilitate skin permeation are 1-butanol, decanol (as saturated fatty alcohol), propylene glycol, that act similarly to ethanol, or Transcutol®.61,74
Influence of decanol as fuel additive on the diverse characteristics of the diesel engine powered with mango seed biodiesel blend
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
S. Rami Reddy, G. Murali, V. Dhana Raju
Fuel additives are found to improve the engine performance tremendously when applied to the biodiesel blends at lower volume concentrations. The various oxygenated fuel additives explored by few researchers for diesel engine applications are of DEE, dimethyl ether, decanol, pentanol, hexane, 1-butanol, iso-propanol, dimethyl carbonate and they revealed promising engine performance parameters. From the available alcohol additives, decanol is highly prospective fuel source due to more volatile nature, low viscosity and clean combustible fuel. The current work is examined with three ternary fuel blends prepared from diesel–mango seed methyl ester–decanol fuel and these are denoted as MSME 20 decanol 5%, MSME 20 decanol 10% and MSME 20 decanol 15%, along with diesel and MSME20 biodiesel blend. The various physical and chemical properties of the diesel and mango seed biodiesel blends with decanol are presented in Table 2. All the properties of the selected fuels are measured experimentally and all those properties are well within ASTM standards.