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Respiratory and Other Personal Protective Equipment
Published in Neil McManus, Safety and Health in Confined Spaces, 2018
Snodgrass et al. (1982) evaluated skin penetration and deposition of C-labeled DEET in three animal species following a single application. Potential for transplacental transfer and fetal accumulation were determined following repeated application using pregnant rabbits. Significant dermal absorption occurred in all species, primarily during the first several hours. Absorption was essentially complete after 3 days. No bioaccumulation was evident after 7 days following the single application. Bioaccumulation also was not evident in pregnant rabbits or fetuses following repeated application. These authors concluded that DEET should not pose a dermatotoxic hazard when applied to the skin, and that absorption should be less than 10% of the applied dose.
Evaluation of Food and Food Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
According to Corbel et al.269N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) remains the gold standard for insect repellents. About 200 million people use it every year and over 8 billion doses have been applied over the past 50 years. Despite the widespread and increased interest in the use of deet in public health programs, controversies remain concerning both the identification of its target sites at the olfactory system and its mechanism of toxicity in insects, mammals, and humans. Here, they investigated the molecular target site for deet and the consequences of its interactions with carbamate insecticides on the cholinergic system. By using toxicological, biochemical, and electrophysiological techniques, Corbel et al.269 showed that deet is not simply a behavior-modifying chemical but that it also inhibits cholinesterase activity, in both insect and mammalian neuronal preparations. Deet is commonly used in combination with insecticides and they show that deet has the capacity to strengthen the toxicity of carbamates, a class of insecticides known to block acetylcholinesterase (AChE). These findings question the safety of deet, particularly in combination with other chemicals, and they highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the development of safer insect repellents for use in public health.
Biological Hazards
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s, 2015
It is unreasonable to assume that a person can completely eliminate activities that may result in tick exposure. Therefore, take the following precautions to protect yourself when exposed to natural areas where ticks are present: Wear light-colored clothing that allows you to see ticks that are crawling on your clothing. Tuck your pants legs into your socks so that ticks cannot crawl up the inside of your pants legs.Apply repellents to discourage tick attachment. Repellents containing permethrin can be sprayed on boots and clothing and will last for several days. Repellents containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) can be applied to the skin but will last only a few hours before reapplication is necessary. Use DEET with caution on children.Conduct a body check upon return from potentially tick-infested areas by searching your entire body for ticks. Use a handheld or full-length mirror to view all parts of your body. Remove any tick you find on your body.
Betel essential oil-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules as mosquito repellent spray formulations for fabric finishes
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Azlan Kamari, Siti Najiah Mohd Yusoff, Siew Tin Susana Wong, Esther Phillip, Justin S. J. Hargreaves, Hidayatulfathi Othman
A number of studies have successfully treated textiles with synthetic repellents. Examples of synthetic insecticides or repellents used are N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), permethrin, organophosphate and carbamate. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), up to the present only permethrin has been registered for factory manufacture of insect repellent clothing and it is mainly used in the US for military uniforms (Xin & Wang, 2017). Although synthetic based repellents have exhibited excellent insect repellence, their use particularly at high concentration is of great concern due to the undesirable effects upon humans. For example, DEET can be toxic and cause allergic reaction to skin especially for children (Tavares et al., 2018). Moreover, the use of synthetic repellents is source of concern due to its harmful effects to environment and possible resistant by insects (Chattopadhyay et al., 2015; Ciera et al., 2019).
Expanding phytoremediation to the realms of known and unknown organic chemicals of concern
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2019
Melanie L. Hedgespeth, Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols
SSA and NTA offer a means of separating biogenic markers of exposure in plants from anthropogenic markers, e.g. plant exudates, contaminant degradates, and plant-contaminant chemical complexes. However, additional databases and repositories containing information on biogenic compounds (e.g. metabolites) must be developed and refined to enable researchers to better distinguish chemical features of biogenic vs. anthropogenic origin in plant-contaminant systems. For example, DEET, or N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, is an active ingredient used in insect repellants that has commonly been detected in tap, surface, ground, and wastewaters (Vanderford et al.2003; Benotti et al.2009; Rodil et al.2009; Lesser et al.2018; McEachran et al.2018). Due to seasonal and geographic patterns of environmental detection that are inconsistent with consumer use as well as DEET’s frequent detection in sample blanks, prior research has noted that there is potential for misidentification of DEET due to the presence of structurally similar chemical mimics (Merel, et al.2015). HRMS approaches, especially SSA and NTA, offer a means of ascertaining whether DEET is truly present in environmental samples as opposed to structural mimics that may be of either biogenic or anthropogenic origin.