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Monitoring and Assessment of Pesticides and Transformation Products in the Environment
Published in José L. Tadeo, Analysis of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Samples, 2019
Ioannis Konstantinou, Dimitra Hela, Dimitra Lambropoulou, Triantafyllos Albanis
Multiple pesticide residues have been frequently (e.g., 51% of soils with ≥ 5 pesticides) detected in arable soils from central Europe (e.g., Czech Republic) with noticeable concentration levels (e.g., 36% of soils with ≥ 3 pesticides exceeding the threshold of 0.01 mg kg−1). Triazine herbicides (terbuthylazine, atrazine, and simazine in 89% of soils) were the dominant compounds, followed by azole fungicides (in 73% of soils) (i.e., epoxiconazole (48% of soils), tebuconazole (36%), flusilazole (23%), prochloraz (21%), propiconazole (13%), and cyproconazole (8%)) which showed also high concentration levels (53% soils with total azoles above 0.01 mg kg−1). Chloroacetanilide herbicides and TPs were also detected less frequently (25% of soils), followed by fenpropidin (20%) and diflufenican (17%) [89].
Turfgrass Diseases and Nematodes
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Chemical controls. Most fungicides labeled for control are effective, especially when used preventatively. Contact fungicides provide 10- to 14-day preventative control while effective systemics provide 14- to 28-day control. Use higher rates only for curative control situations. Resistance has been problematic for the benzimidazole class of fungicides (including thiophanate methyl) and the sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (propiconazole, triadimefon, cyproconazole, myclobutanil) (Table 12.7). Once induced, resistance to these fungicides appears to be long lasting. Resistance has also developed in response to overuse of dicarboxamides, which include iprodione, or vinclozolin, but the pathogen populations become sensitive to these fungicides if they are not used for several years before being used once again. Isofetamid is a recent product with very promising preventative and curative dollar spot control.
Probabilistic risk assessment of endocrine disrupting pesticides in Iran
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Vahideh Mahdavi, Ahmad Heidari, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
More than 30% of the pesticides used worldwide in agricultural and non-agricultural processes are chiral (Hu et al. 2020). Due to the development of pesticide synthesis technology, the ratio of chiral pesticides increased (Liu et al. 2009). New research has shown that pyrethroids, triazoles, carbamates, organochlorines, and organophosphorus pesticides always affect hormones (Tian et al. 2015). In addition, many studies have shown that enantiomer pesticides can have different effects on environmental behavior, activity, and non-targeted organisms (Ye et al. 2010). Many studies have shown that enantiomer pesticides have permanent physicochemical properties under achiral conditions. However, significant selective stereo differences were found between enantiomer pesticides in their environmental behaviors, activities, acute/chronic toxicity, cytotoxicity, and potential toxicity of non-target organisms (Ye et al. 2010). However, limited studies have shown that chiral pesticides significantly disrupt stereoselective endocrine glands (Gámiz et al. 2016). The primary mechanism of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) disrupts hormone synthesis processes, secretion, metabolism, and receptor binding; It further affects the human reproductive system and growth. EDCs can interact with nuclear hormone receptors, thus having adverse effects on human health (Basheer 2018). The enantiomeric nature of pesticides enhances the selectivity and targeted action of endocrine-disrupting pesticides. From 34 EDPs in Iran, about 56% of them are enantiomers, including acephate, atrazine, bitertanol, captan, cypermethrin, cyproconazole, deltamethrin, epoxiconazole, fenvalerate, fipronil, flutriafol, hexaconazole, penconazole, permethrin, propiconazole, pyriproxyfen, tebuconazole, triadimenol and trichlorfon.
Tree uptake of excess nutrients and herbicides in a maize-olive tree cultivation system
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
George Pavlidis, Vassilios A. Tsihrintzis, Helen Karasali, Dimitrios Alexakis
Similar results to the present study have been previously reported by other researchers in relevant systems. However, it should be mentioned that till today, the emphasis in the various studies has been given mainly on nutrient uptake (e.g., Gikas et al.[6]), whilst only a limited number of studies examined the potential for pesticide uptake, with the latter considering only surface runoff as route of environmental exposure (e.g., Borin et al.[7,29[; Otto et al.[8]; Passeport et al.[30]; Popov et al.[31]). Various recent studies have reported nitrogen and phosphorus reduction up to 100% (e.g., Allen et al.[3]), who monitored ammonium and nitrate in a pecan-cotton alley crop system through a lysimeter network, and observed a 30–72% reduction. Borin et al.[7,29], in two experiments using Platanus trees intercropped with maize, soybean and sugarbeet in consecutive years, estimated nitrate reduction of 78–100%, dissolved phosphorus reduction of 81–100% and 60–90% reduction for terbuthylazine, alachlor, linuron, nicosulfuron and pendimethalin pesticides. The latter two were also examined in the present study and comparable amounts of reduction or ultimate disappearance were observed. Pesticide removal was also studied by Otto et al.[8] in a vegetated filter strip (VFS) system consisting of P. hybrida and shrubs-maize with the abatement potential reaching 100% for metolachlor and terbuthylazine. Likewise, more than 55% removal was observed for glyphosate, isoproturon, metazachlor, azoxystrobin, epoxiconazole and cyproconazole in a study by Passeport et al.[30] using oak trees as VFS, whereas Popov et al.[31] in a VFS system with various grasses observed 40–85% removal for atrazine and 44–85% for metolachlor.
Application of clay ceramics and nanotechnology in water treatment: A review
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
Ebenezer Annan, Benjamin Agyei-Tuffour, Yaw Delali Bensah, David Sasu Konadu, Abu Yaya, Boateng Onwona-Agyeman, Emmanuel Nyankson
Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes such as methylene blue, rhodamine B, AZO dyes Congo red, indigo, indigo carmine and methyl red has been widely investigated (Konstantinou & Albanis, 2004; Lachheb et al., 2002; Vautier, Guillard, & Herrmann, 2001; Xiong, Zhang, Ma, & Zhao, 2010). The degradation of water-soluble dyes by different photocatalyst such as reduced graphene oxide pillared with carbon nanotubes (Zhang, Xiong, & Zhao, 2010), TiO2 (Neppolian, Choi, Sakthivel, Arabindoo, & Murugesan, 2002), SnO/TiO2 (Vinodgopal & Kamat, 1995), Au-ZnO (Pawinrat, Mekasuwandumrong, & Panpranot, 2009), Ag3PO4 (Ge, Zhu, Zhao, Li, & Liu, 2012), and Ag2CO3 (Dai, Yu, & Liu, 2012) has been investigated. Aside dyes, current studies have shown that most water bodies are polluted through agro chemicals such as pesticides (Geissen et al., 2015). Photocatalytic degradation of cyproconazole (Lhomme, Brosillon, & Wolbert, 2008), azoxyxtrobin, kresoxim-methyl, hexaconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, and pyrimethanil, primicarb (Navarro, Fenoll, Vela, Ruiz, & Navarro, 2009), chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, chlorothalonil (Affam and Chaudhuri, 2013), and tetrachlorvinphos, fenitrothion, pirimiphos-methyl, and fenamiphos (Herrmann & Guillard, 2000) has been reported with the final degradation product being CO2. In areas where oil is drilled and transported, the, major water pollutants are BTX which are all water soluble. Since photocatalysis works better in an environment with enough water and dissolved oxygen, these pollutants can easily be oxidized through photocatalysis into innocuous compounds that are biodegradable and less toxic and finally mineralized into CO2. The concept of removing BTX from contaminated water bodies through photocatalysis has been proven using W-doped TiO2 (Laokiat et al., 2012; Sangkhun et al., 2012), TiO2 (Cho et al., 2006; Martinez, Bertron, Escadeillas, Ringot, & Simon, 2014), TiO2/SiO2 immobilized on aluminium sheets (Tasbihi, Kete, Raichur, Tušar, & Stangar, 2012), Ag/TiO2 thin films on PVC (Peerakiatkhajorn et al., 2012) and reduced graphene/TiO2 nanocomposite (Singh et al., 2015).