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The Selection and Use of Gloves against Pesticides
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Data on penetration characteristics for these wettable powder fungicides through gloves were identified for benomyl, captan, chlorothalonil, and folpet.33–36 Based on breakthrough times, Sol-Vex Nitrile gloves provided at least 4 h of protection against benomyl (tested as a concentrated emulsion), whereas a thinner disposable nitrile glove provided less than 4 h of protection.35 The breakthrough times for Sol-Vex and a disposable nitrile glove were less than 4 h for folpet (as a concentrated emulsion), but similarly, the permeation rate was significantly lower for the thicker Sol-Vex product.36 Similar results were observed for chlorothalonil (tested as a solid and emulsion), in which Sol-Vex provided additional protection.34 The breakthrough time for a disposable nitrile glove was less than 2 h for captan (as a concentrated emulsion).33 Thus, nitrile gloves have been shown to provide a limited level of protection against these fungicides, with the thicker Sol-Vex gloves providing additional chemical resistance to breakthrough and permeation. Given the low breakthrough times, irrespectively of glove type, gloves should be replaced every 2 h or whenever contaminated.
Potential for Phytoextraction of Zinc and Cadmium from Soils Using Hyperaccumulator Plants
Published in Norman Terry, Gary Bañuelos, of Contaminated Soil and Water, 2020
S. P. McGrath, S. J. Dunham, R. L. Correll
In 1991, a small number of plants of C. halleri were infected by two closely related fungi, Albugo candida and Peronospora parasitica, the causal parasites of white rust and downy mildew, respectively. Both diseases produce marked distortion and hypertrophy (Butler and Jones, 1949; Brooks, 1953); the deformation of the stems caused by the A. candida prevented inflorescence, while the P. parasitica was responsible for a premature senescence of leaves and increased leaf turnover. The disease quickly spread to the Thlaspi species on adjacent plots with disease development being favored by prevailing humid and warm weather conditions. The plots were irrigated with a contact fungicide effective against both white rust and downy mildew—“Folio 575 FW,” containing 75 gl-1 metalaxyl and 500 gl-1 chlorothalonil. Two separate applications of the fungicide, at a rate of 21 ha-1, proved extremely effective and the plants recovered completely in the 2 weeks following the applications. However, the combined attack from the two fungal parasites reduced the potential biomass yield in the affected plants in 1991. Plants of C. halleri were again infected by white rust in July of the following year, but further applications of the fungicide contained the disease.
Turfgrass Diseases and Nematodes
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Chemical controls. Some fungicides help to prevent development of algae and their spread when a mat has already formed. They need periodic applications (e.g., every 7 to 14 days) and should be used prior to algae formation and continually as long as conditions remain favorable for occurrence. Control diseases, such as brown patch, to prevent thinning of the turf canopy. Some curative control is provided by hydrated lime or mancozeb + copper hydroxide. Being a desiccant, hydrated lime typically works quickly while the mancozeb + copper hydroxide takes several days. Once the algae are controlled, switch to a preventative program. In areas with high disease pressure and low turf recuperative potential, such as the transition zone, preventative disease control approaches are necessary in the summertime. Chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and various phosphite-containing fungicides are often used to manage algae.
Agricultural pesticide residues in water from a karstic aquifer in Yucatan, Mexico, pose a risk to children’s health
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Javier Perera-Rios, Elizabeth Ruiz-Suarez, Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas, Fernando May-Euán, Gloria Uicab-Pool, José Belisario Leyva-Morales, Enrique Reyes-Novelo, Norma Pérez-Herrera
A total of 24 active pesticide ingredients were detected in the domestic water samples from Ticul. Almost all (98%) of the domestic water samples contained at least one pesticide, the most frequent being β-BHC (41.66%), chlorothalonil (37.53%), malathion (27.08%), aldrin (20.83%), heptachlor (20.83%), and chlorpyrifos-methyl (14.58%) (Table 1). In terms of their toxicological classification for acute oral or dermal toxicity, aldrin and heptachlor (both OCL) are obsolete (not classified). At the same time, β-BHC (OCL), malathion (OP), chlorpyrifos (OP), and chlorothalonil (aromatic polychlorides) were highly dangerous pesticides according to WHO (2009) and are included on the PAN International List of Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs) (PAN, 2021). Insecticides aldrin and β-BHC are molecules currently prohibited in Mexico (Bejarano, 2017). Chlorothalonil and Malathion are banned in other countries but still used in Mexico (Bejarano González 2017).
Occurrence of booster biocides in the global waters and a tiered assessment for their ecological risk to the aquatic system
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2022
Keyan Cui, Xianhai Yang, Huihui Liu
Dichlofluanid was a broad-spectrum protective fungicide, which was mainly used for the prevention and treatment of fungal diseases. Even though it has the least detection, with only 33 concentration data, its concentration (0.100-760 ng/L, mean 58.3 ng/L) was larger than those of other bactericides, implying that Dichlofluanid should be given more attentions. Both BIT and DCOIT were isothiazolinone biocides, which had short half-life in seawater (<24 h) (Jacobson and Willingham 2000), thus they had relatively lower concentrations than other biocides. There were 136 concentration data from 24 surface waters for BIT, and 118 concentration data from 13 surface waters for DCOIT. The reported concentration data were mainly focused in Asia and Europe, especially the Yangtze river, Zhujiang river and wastewater-receiving river of China (Table S2). Chlorothalonil was a kind of broad-spectrum fungicide and had high efficacy in anti-mildew. This compound was detected in 78 sampling sites from 14 surface waters, with the concentration from 0.00100 to 68.0 ng/L and the mean of 6.20 ng/L. It had the least concentration among the seven compounds, possibly because it was usually used as a protectant in wood and crop against fungal diseases, rather than a antifouling agent in shipping.
Occurrence, effects and environmental risk of antifouling biocides (EU PT21): Are marine ecosystems threatened?
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Bruno Galvão de Campos, Joana Figueiredo, Fernando Perina, Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa, Susana Loureiro, Roberto Martins
This critical review focus on the 11 EU approved compounds (PT21) as follows: 4,5-Dichloro-2-octylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (DCOIT), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), Zinc Pyrithione (ZnPT), Copper Pyrithione (CuPT), Copper thiocyanate (CuSCN), Dichloro-N-[(dimethylamino)sulphonyl] fluoro-N-(ptolyl)methanesulphenamide (tolylfluanid), Dicopper oxide (Cu2O), 4-(1-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)ethyl)-1H-imidazole (medetomidine), N-(Dichlorofluoromethylthio)-N′,N′-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfamide (dichlofluanid); zinc ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (zineb); and Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (chlorothalonil). Their physicochemical properties are summarized in Table 1.