China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Laboratory analysis of cyanobacterial toxins and bioassays
Published in Ingrid Chorus, Martin Welker, Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water, 2021
Linda A. Lawton, James S. Metcalf, Bojana Žegura, Ralf Junek, Martin Welker, Andrea Törökné, Luděk Bláha
Cylindrospermopsin is readily detected by mass spectrometry using chromatography conditions similar to those for HPLC-PDA. Electrospray in positive ionisation mode yields the parent ion with m/z 416 and product ions with m/z 194, 176, 336 and 274. Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) can provide highly specific detection (Triantis et al., 2017a). Detection of cylindrospermopsin in drinking-water by this method with prior SPE concentration gave good recoveries at 0.01 µg/L (67%) and 0.1 µg/L (85%). Since there are only few other cylindrospermopsin variants, it is much less likely that MS detection will miss structural variants as in the case of microcystins. US EPA Method 545 based on LC-MS/MS has a minimum reporting level of 0.06 µg/L for finished drinking-water (US EPA, 2015); for ambient freshwaters, Shoemaker and Dietrich (2017) give a minimum reporting level of 0.23 µg/L. The analysis of cylindrospermopsin along with other more polar cyanotoxins (deoxycylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and saxitoxin) has been successfully achieved using HILIC-MS, demonstrating a robust detection of these toxins in cultured samples and bloom extracts (Dell’Aversano et al., 2004).
*
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Cylindrospermopsin is a tricyclic alkaloid that is highly water-soluble, heat-stable and potentially more persistent than MCYSTs in varying light and pH conditions. It is known to be produced by several bloom-forming species of cyanobacteria (Table 9.1) originally reported in tropical waters. However, it appears that one of the primary producers, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, is increasingly being reported in temperate waters. Cylindrospermopsin causes extensive damage primarily to liver and kidney and although the mode of toxicity is not completely understood, it appears the toxin inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with protein elongation (Falconer, 2005). Exposure to cylindrospermopsin has been shown to induce morphological changes in red blood cells in animals, which may be linked to the cylindrospermopsin-mediated effects on the liver and kidney. Animal toxicity studies also suggest that cylindrospermopsin may be carcinogenic. Symptoms of cylindrospermopsin exposure include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal tenderness, pain and acute liver failure. Notably, clinical symptoms may immediately not show up following exposure, but may occur several days later. Currently, few countries have implemented drinking or recreational water quality guidelines for cylindrospermopsin.
Evaluation of Water and Its Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Cylindrospermopsin is toxic to liver and kidney tissue and is thought to inhibit protein synthesis and to covalently modify DNA and/or RNA. There is concern about the way cylindrospermopsin bioaccumulates in freshwater organisms.664 Toxic blooms of genera which produce cylindrospermopsin are most commonly found in tropical, subtropical, and arid zone water bodies, and have recently been found in Australia, Europe, Israel, Japan, and the United States.550
Cyanobacteria, water quality and public health implications: a systematic scoping review
Published in Australasian Journal of Water Resources, 2023
Jack Grentell, Ripon Kumar Adhikary, Aparna Lal
Cyanobacteria are frequently present in Australian waterways and managing the extent of these blooms has been an ongoing challenge for government and environmental managers. In the tropical and subtropical waters of Australia, the hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin, produced by a range of cyanobacteria (Rasmussen et al. 2008), is prominent and has been responsible for health problems, including but not limited to vomiting, hepatomegaly and kidney dysfunction in humans via contaminated drinking water supplies (Byth 1980). Neurotoxic cyanotoxins have also been reported in Australian waters, with various anatoxins identified in Dolichospermum, Oscillatoria and Aphanizomenon species of cyanobacteria (Méjean et al. 2014). Recently, the amino acid BMAA, produced as a toxin by some species of cyanobacteria and associated with increased incidence of neurodegenerative disease, has been identified in eight genera of cyanobacteria found in eastern Australian freshwater systems (Violi 2019).
Cyanotoxin occurrence in large rivers of the United States
Published in Inland Waters, 2020
Jennifer L. Graham, Neil M. Dubrovsky, Guy M. Foster, Lindsey R. King, Keith A. Loftin, Barry H. Rosen, Erin A. Stelzer
Spearman rank analysis indicated that the correlations between the abundance of cyanobacterial genera with known cyanotoxin-producing strains and cyanotoxin synthetase genes were positive but weak (all rs < 0.45, all p > 0.20). Note, however, that the relatively widespread occurrence of the Microcystis-specific mcyE gene is in direct contrast to observed cyanobacterial communities where Microcystis was absent (Table 2). Although Microcystis was not detected in preserved samples, it was observed after incubation of live material from the 3 midcontinent rivers (Kansas, Mississippi, and Missouri) with the highest Microcystis-specific mcyE gene abundances (Fig. 3b). Therefore, Microcystis may have been present at abundances too low to be detected by traditional enumeration. Most samples with cyrA gene detections (82%, n = 11) did not show a corresponding occurrence of genera with known cylindrospermopsin-producing strains (Table 2). By comparison, genera with known cyanotoxin-producing strains were present in most samples with anaC (100%, n = 2), Planktothrix-specific mcyE (60%, n = 10), and sxtA (85%, n = 20) gene detections.
Comparative bioaccumulation and effects of purified and cellular extract of cylindrospermopsin to freshwater fish Hoplias malabaricus
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Rodrigo de Cássio da Silva, Sonia Regina Grötzner, Daniele Dietrich Moura Costa, Juan Ramón Esquivel Garcia, Juan Muelbert, Valéria Freitas de Magalhães, Francisco Filipak Neto, Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro
These toxins are produced by a diversity of cyanobacteria species (Rzymski and Poniedziałek 2014; Yang et al. in press) that are related with poisoning and subsequent death of animals (Byth 1980; Carmichael et al. 2001; Griffiths and Saker 2003). Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cytotoxic cyanotoxin affecting liver and kidneys, as well as spleen, heart, lungs, and immune system of fish (Chernoff et al. 2014; Guzmán-Guillén et al. 2015). In mammalian cells, inhibition of protein (Froscio et al. 2003; Zurawell et al. 2005) and glutathione syntheses (Runnegar et al. 1994) are associated with mechanisms underlying CYN-mediated toxicity. However, it was suggested that cytochrome P450-derived metabolites might also play a crucial role in CYN-induced toxicity (Humpage et al. 2005; Liebel et al. 2015; Štraser, Filipič, and Žegura 2011; Žegura et al. 2011). Evidence also exists that CYN is genotoxic and carcinogenic (Štraser, Filipič, and Žegura 2011; Žegura et al. 2011).