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Process Design Considerations for Large–Scale Chromatography of Biomolecules
Published in Kenneth E. Avis, Vincent L. Wu, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Processing, and Preservation, 2020
Richard Wisniewski, Egisto Boschetti, Alois Jungbauer
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) has a distinct feature among all chromatographic systems. The method does not utilize a solid support matrix. Countercurrent chromatography can be considered as a hybrid of two classical partition methods, countercurrent distribution and liquid partition chromatography. The method combines the benefits from both parent methods. A comprehensive overview of the method is given by Ito (1992). All existing CCC schemes have been derived from two basic systems: one is the hydrostatic equilibrium system and the other is the hydrodynamic equilibrium system.
Dynamic modelling of the interfacial concentration profiles of fast chemical reactions in reactive liquid–liquid systems
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Separation techniques are widely used in chemical and biochemical engineering. For instance, liquid–liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction, is among the most common initial separation techniques and is a method to separate chemical components or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different and practically immiscible liquids. There is a net transfer of one or more species generally from an aqueous phase into an organic liquid phase. In particular, the reactive liquid extraction process is a liquid–liquid extraction that is intensified through a mechanism involving a chemical reaction. Liquid–liquid extraction and reactive liquid extraction are basic unit operations in chemical engineering, where they are performed using a variety of apparatus such as countercurrent distribution equipment, e.g. mixer-settler cascades, or extraction columns. Their efficiency will be affected by many dynamic processes within such apparatus, namely the interfacial properties of the involved multi-component heterogeneous liquid systems in the extraction process. Furthermore, reactive extraction processes involving interfacial chemical reactions such as the extraction of organic acids from aqueous solutions by solutions of high molecular amines (e.g. [1–3]) and the extraction of heavy metals [4] are receiving considerable theoretical attention.