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Magnetic Nanofluids—A Novel Concept of Smart Fluids
Published in Mangey Ram, Mathematics in Engineering Sciences, 2019
The movement of fluid particles from high concentration to low concentration area is referred as mass transfer. It occurs due to the concentration difference by means of pressure, temperature, and density gradients. The mass transfer occurs in many fields of engineering and applied sciences (physical, chemical, and biological). Few examples of mass transfer are osmosis, respiratory mechanisms, gas absorption, distillation, crystallization adsorption, air humidification, ion exchange, etc. The most common real life examples are the evaporation of water to the atmosphere, evaporation of clouds, smoke diffusion from a tall chimney, the dissolution of salt and sugar in water, dispersion of fog, etc.
Heat Transfer and Diffusion
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
Mass transfer is defined as the movement of a component from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Typically when we envision mass transfer in engineering, we think of the mixing of chemicals in a pipe or a vat, the blending of two powders in pharmaceuticals. In everyday life, examples include mixing sugar into our lemonade or stirring cream into our coffee. Mass transfer is also of great importance in the human body, and therefore, tissue engineering. Proteins, glucose, water, and ions are being moved into and out of the bloodstream to provide cells with the necessary nutrients to function optimally. Additionally carbon dioxide, ammonia, urea, and other wastes and metabolic by-products are moving into the bloodstream and out to be removed from the body by exhalation, urination, etc. So to sponsor cellular proliferation, cellular development, and tissue generation, scaffolding structures and their surrounding environments must facilitate tissue health by allowing for the efficient transport of nutrients and waste. The surrounding environment (media, blood, synovial fluid, interstitial liquid, etc.), material used in the scaffolds, and the structure of the scaffold must supply seeded cells with nutrients and aid in the removal of their waste in a way that is rapid and effective. Therefore, tissue engineers must take into consideration the abilities of nutrients and waste products to move throughout the volume by diffusion.
Introduction
Published in Greg F. Naterer, Advanced Heat Transfer, 2018
Similarly to the flow of heat by conduction due to a change of temperature, the driving force for mass transfer by diffusion is a difference of species concentration in a mixture. In a manner similar to Fourier's law for the conduction of heat, Fick's law of mass transfer states that the species diffusion flux from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration has a magnitude that is proportional to the concentration gradient. For example, in a two component mixture, the solute diffuses from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration down the concentration gradient, where the constant of proportionality is called the mass diffusivity.
Prediction of heat and mass transfer in radiative hybrid nanofluid with chemical reaction using the least square method: A stability analysis of dual solution
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2023
Aqeel ur Rehman, Zaheer Abbas, Jafar Hasnain
The mass transfer also has vast practical applications including cooling nuclear reactors, chemical engineering, thermal oil recovery, geothermal reservoirs, etc. Numerous investigations have been made into the mass transfer problems. Takhar et al. [33] investigated the nonsimilar boundary layer features of heat and mass transmission of a chemical past a stretching surface. Afify [34] investigated the boundary layer flow, heat, and mass transport over a stretched surface for engineering applications in the processing of polymer and electrochemistry. The impacts of chemical reactions on the flow of fluid past a permeable wedge were inspected by Kandasamy et al. [35]. Hayat et al. [36] examined some influences of the chemical reaction and magnetic field on the transfer of heat and mass in a Maxwell fluid flowing over a permeable stretched surface. Bhattacharyya [37] discussed the flow near a stagnation point with mass transport past a stretching/shrinking surface which has stretching sheet applications including the production of glass fiber and drying of paper as well as textiles. Recently, some authors [38–40] investigated the flow of HNF with heat and mass transmission.
Numerical simulation of hybrid Casson nanofluid flow by the influence of magnetic dipole and gyrotactic microorganism
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Fuzhang Wang, Juan Zhang, Salem Algarni, Muhammad Naveed Khan, Talal Alqahtani, Shafiq Ahmad
The phenomenon of mass transfer is occurred by the variance of concentration species, which appear in the mixture. The species move from the higher concentration part to the lower concentration part. The mass transfer has many applications in the different fields of science like geo-thermal reservoir, oil emulsion, mechano-chemistry (mass transfer occurs by chemical reactions), chemical engineering, and food processing. Bestman [21] examined the heat transport of radiative flow on a combustible mixture in a vertical pipe. Abel et al. [22] discussed the transportation of mass and heat of the MHD boundary layer flow of viscoelastic fluid through a stretching surface. Gireesha et al. [23] explored the transportation of heat and mass along with the prescribed surface temperature of MHD Casson fluid flow across the permeable porous stretching surface. Bai et al. [24] scrutinized the transport of mass and heat on the stagnation point flow of a Maxwell nanofluid across the stretching surface influenced by the convective boundary condition. The numerical investigation of chemically reactive Carreau nanofluid influenced by convectively heated nonlinear stretching sheet was carried out by Eid et al. [25]. Khan et al. [26] scrutinized the transport analysis of heat and mass of chemically reactive Burger’s nanofluid flow across an exponentially stretching sheet affected by the induced magnetic field. The latest literature survey on the topic of mass transfer is found in Refs. [27–30].
Numerical study of transient 2-D compressible flow with heat and mass transfer using the finite volume method
Published in International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics, 2018
V. Ambethkar, Mohit Kumar Srivastava
The problem of unsteady compressible fluid flow with heat and mass transfer has been the subject of intensive numerical computations in recent years. This is due to its significant applications in many scientific and engineering practices. The effect of compressibility needs to be taken into account in many areas such as in aircraft design, gas and steam turbines, reciprocating engines, natural gas transmission lines, and combustion chambers. More often, fluid flow with heat and mass transfer is coupled in nature. Heat transfer is concerned with the physical process underlying the transport of thermal energy due to a temperature difference or gradient. All the process equipments used in engineering practice have to pass through an unsteady state in the beginning when the process is started, and, they reach a steady state after sufficient time has elapsed. Typical examples of unsteady heat transfer occur in heat exchangers, boiler tubes, cooling of cylinder heads in I.C. engines, heat treatment of engineering components and quenching of ingots, heating of electric irons, heating and cooling of buildings, freezing of foods, etc. Mass transfer is an important topic with vast industrial applications in mechanical, chemical, and aerospace engineering. Few of the applications involving mass transfer are absorption and desorption, solvent extraction, evaporation of petrol in internal combustion engines, etc. Numerous every day applications such as dissolving of sugar in tea, drying of wood or clothes, evaporation of water vapor into dry air, diffusion of smoke from a chimney into atmosphere, etc., are also examples of mass diffusion. In many cases, it is interesting to note that heat and mass transfer occur simultaneously.