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Sč̓iɫpálq͏ʷ
Published in Brenda Groskinsky, Climate Actions, 2022
Michael Durglo, Richard G. Everett, Tony Incashola, Maureen I. McCarthy, ShiNaasha H. Pete, Joshua M. Rosenau, Séliš-Ql̓ispé, Thompson Smith, Shirley Trahan, Anne A. Carlson
Whitebark pine and fire – both wildfire and the use of controlled burns as a long-term ecosystem management tool by the tribes – are two symbiotic natural resources that have strong cultural ties to the tribes and Forestry's focus and work. Traditionally, tribes used controlled burns to help sustain forest vegetation, and in so doing, helped maintain natural fire regimes across the landscape; with other ignition sources coming from lightning strikes and fires below the mountain running upslope (White and CSKT 2010). As a species, whitebark pine thrives after a fire has moved through an area and the previous forest canopy and competition are eliminated. Today, with whitepine blister rust and mountain pine beetle invasion, CSKT Forestry and CSKT Division of Fire are working together throughout the year to use controlled burns to clean out dead and woody downed material, to manage forest fuel loads and to prepare forest lands for restoration activities. Controlled burns help prepare an area in advance of planting and restoring forest stands through the use of understory or overcast burns; while simultaneously providing both the forest and forest workers a method for countering the effects from insects, disease and lethal fires in the whitebark pine ecosystem.
Wildfires and Remote Sensing
Published in George P. Petropoulos, Tanvir Islam, Remote Sensing of Hydrometeorological Hazards, 2017
Nicolas R. Dalezios, Kostas Kalabokidis, Nikos Koutsias, Christos Vasilakos
Protection from wildfires: In order to have an integrated wildfire protection system, two kinds of measures are needed, namely prevention and suppression measures. Prevention refers to preemptive methods of reducing the wildfire risk, as well as lessening fire severity and spread. The various techniques that can be used for reduction of anthropogenic fires fall into two general categories, namely to reduce danger–risk and to manage it. Other measures to prevent fire ignition and spread include the creation of firebreaks or fuelbreaks or modification of flammable fuels. The use of different types of vegetation cover is considered as a very important measure to prevent large fires. Moreover, wildfire prevention programs around the world may employ techniques, such as wildland fire use and prescribed or controlled burns. Multiple fuel treatments are often needed to influence future fire risk. Suppression depends on the technologies available in the area in which the wildfire occurs. The key to controlling and suppressing a wildfire is getting human power and equipment to the scene in the shortest possible time. During the evolution of the fire, as information from the field and data from different sources (e.g., weather and satellite maps) become available, the firefighting strategy can be modified from the first-response plan (Borealforest, 2016). The choice of whether to apply retardants depends on the scale, location, and intensity of the wildfire. Past fire suppression, along with other factors, has resulted in the larger, more intense wildfire events that are seen today.
Spray Auto-ignition Behaviors of Diesel and Jet Fuel at Reduced Oxygen Environments
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Zhe Ren, Wang Liu, Zhen Huang, Dong Han
In-cylinder combustion process in direct injection (DI) compression ignition (CI) engines features several important events, including ignition delay period, premixed burn, mixing-controlled burn, and the late burn (John 1988). Since the in-cylinder combustion in CI engines is triggered by fuel injection, ignition delay time, i.e. time interval between start of fuel injection and start of combustion, is usually considered as a key parameter for CI engines calibration (Hernandez et al. 2010; Liu, Li, Liu 2010). This is because the length of ignition delay period could determine the fuel/air mixing extent, and thus influence the relative percentages of the premixed and mixing-controlled burn in the following combustion process.