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Combustion Heating Equipment and Systems
Published in T. Agami Reddy, Jan F. Kreider, Peter S. Curtiss, Ari Rabl, Heating and Cooling of Buildings, 2016
T. Agami Reddy, Jan F. Kreider, Peter S. Curtiss, Ari Rabl
Combustion is the process by which chemically bound energy is released in an exothermic reaction of carbon and hydrogen to produce heat, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Combustion analysis involves using the basic chemical reaction equation and the known composition of air to determine the composition of flue gases. The minimum amount of air needed to completely combust the fuel is known as the stoichiometric or theoretical air. In this case, there should be no free oxygen present, i.e., all the oxygen in the air supply will be attached with the combustion products. The chemical reaction for stoichiometric combustion of methane is as follows: CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O
Chemical Methods
Published in Jerome Greyson, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Pollutants and Their Determination in Air and Water, 2020
By far and away, the most common application of combustion analysis in environmental monitoring of our subject elements is for the determination of organic carbon in waste water. In fact, organic carbon’s determination in water by combustion* is rapidly replacing BOD and COD as the recommended method for estimation of oxidizables, the bulk of which in waste water are present in the form of organic carbon. Combustion methods are also used to analyze the elemental compositions of particulates collected on filters in air and water pollution investigations, and the sulfur content of coal and petroleum fuels is determined by combustion analysis as an aid in the control of sulfur emissions from power plants.
Reactions between ferrous powder compacts and atmospheres during sintering – an overview
Published in Powder Metallurgy, 2020
The current working hypothesis is that the methane formed and measured is a final product of an ‘internal getter’ effect. Systematic experiments have shown that both iron as base material and oxygen-sensitive elements have to be present to produce significant amounts of methane. Carbon monoxide seems to be a necessary intermediate product which finally oxidises the sensitive alloying elements (Si, Mn, Cr) by the reaction Me + 2H2 + CO → MeO + CH4. The metallographic section shown in Figure 18 prove that there is much more homogeneous carbon loss in hydrogen compared to sintering in argon atmosphere, which was also confirmed by combustion analysis [65]. This supports the hypothesis that the homogeneous decarburisation through CH4 formation is preceded by homogeneous carbothermal reduction. If a direct reaction of C with H2 would be responsible for CH4 formation, heterogeneous decarburisation from the surface would be expected, similar to the decarburisation caused by H2O from impure atmospheres.
Preparation of lignin-based dye dispersant with favorable heat stability and slight fiber staining
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Wenxiang Zhu, Fangeng Chen, Tian He
The elemental content of lignin samples was carried out on an Elementar Vario EL Cube elemental analyzer. The contents of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and sulfur were detected by combustion analysis. All samples were vacuum-dried at 60 °C before experiment. About 3–5 mg of AAL, SAAL and ESAAL samples were weighed in tin boats and loaded in the integrated carousel of elemental analyzer. Afterwards, the samples were automatically transferred into combustion tube and burnt at 1150 °C. Finally, the combustion gases were reduced, separated, collected and calculated for carbon, nitrogen hydrogen and sulfur content of the samples.
Sintering anisotropy of binder jetted 316L stainless steel: part II – microstructure evolution during sintering
Published in Powder Metallurgy, 2022
Alberto Cabo Rios, Eduard Hryha, Eugene Olevsky, Peter Harlin
The chemical analysis of the BJ samples was done using combustion analysis (HFIR), melt extraction technique (EXTR) and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry elemental analysis (XRF). The C- and S content was measured using HFIR, O- and N content was measured using EXTR and the other chemical elements was measured using XRF.