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Pharmaceutical Natural and Synthetic Colorants, Pigments, Dyes, and Lakes: Applications, Perspectives, and Regulatory Aspects
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti
These are the group of chemically dissimilar component that is either procured from nature through various extractive techniques or synthesized chemically in the laboratory through modified procedures [24]. In the old era, vegetable extracts are regularly employed as diluted preparation. For example, β-carotene which is a very common natural coloring ingredient available from Mother Nature, however, the synthetic origin or often termed as ‘nature identical’ is widely available due to its low-cost [25]. Even some of the products which are not a part of normal human diets such as annatto or cochineal are also termed as ‘natural’ which is not at all good [26]. Their wide acceptability did not help them in achieving the hall of fame as they are not stable towards the light. Three ingredients: carmine (aluminum lake of cochineal), cochineal (dried insect), and caramel (black viscid mass of water-soluble carbohydrates) are classic examples of natural coloring agents [27]. Curcumin, riboflavin, annatto, paprika oleoresin, anthocyanins, beet-root red, etc., are other examples.
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Published in Yannick Guari, Joulia Larionova, Prussian Blue-Type Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites, 2019
From these two sources, the following story of the invention of Prussian blue can be told: In 1706, von Diesbach was working in the laboratory of Dippel in Berlin, perhaps in the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. One day von Diesbach was preparing a Florentine lake according to a well-established recipe. For this purpose, he had to extract the red dye carminic acid (as we call it today) from dried and crushed cochineal insects, which were imported from New Spain (present day Mexico). This extraction is performed in a heated aqueous solution of alum. After filtration, an aqueous solution of potash is added. The addition of this alkaline solution to the slightly acidic solution of red carminic acid and alum leads to the precipitation of a white alumina powder. Carminic acid readily absorbs on the surface of the alumina, resulting in a red powder. After filtration and drying, a red lake pigment, the Florentine lake, is the final product [9]. The name Florentine lake comes from the invention of this material by a monk in Florence in the 17th century. This Florentine lake was to be sold to painters. The hue of the red color of the Florentine lake shifts if certain metal salts are added to the extraction solution. The addition of iron sulfate (vitriol of iron in von Diesbach’s time) shifts the color of Florentine lake from bright red to a more violet tone. Von Diesbach must have produced such a variant of Florentine lake, because only this explains the addition of a substantial amount of iron ions in the solution to which he added the potash solution.
Industrial Applications
Published in Suresh C. Ameta, Rakshit Ameta, Garima Ameta, Sonochemistry, 2018
Anil Kumar Chohadia, Yasmin, Neelam Kunwar
Kamel et al. (2009) also reported dyeing of cationized cotton fabric with Solfix-E using colouring matter extracted from Cochineal dye using ultrasonic techniques. Babar et al. (2017) presented the dyeing results of lyocell fabrics dyed with conventional pad-batch and pad-ultrasonic-batch processes. The dyeing of lyocell fabrics was carried out with two commercial dyes namely Drimarine Blue CL-BR and Remazol Blue RGB. The dyeing of acrylic fabrics was studied with both conventional and ultrasonic techniques using Astrazon Basic Red-5BL by Kamel et al. (2010). Bamboo is a regenerated cellulose fibre and it is usually dyed with reactive dyes such as Reactive Black-5 and Reactive Red-147. Batch-wise dyeing of bamboo cellulose fabric with reactive dyes has been carried out using ultrasonic energy by Larik et al. (2015).
Small/Medium scale textile processing industries: case study, sustainable interventions and remediation
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2022
Avanthi Althuri, Onkar Nath Tiwari, Vanitha T. K. Gowda, Miyon Moyong, S. Venkata Mohan
Depending on the source of natural dyes, these can be broadly categorised as plant, microbial and insect dyes (Table 1). Plants are the source for about 500 different natural dye hues. Mineral-based dyes such as prussian-blue, chrome-yellow, manganese brown, etc., are derived from purified inorganic compounds. Cochineal, lac and kermes are notable examples of animal-derived dyes [37]. Cochineal dye with anthraquinone centre is isolated from female cochineal insects through microwave-assisted extraction method in acid medium. This dye was applied on bio-mordanted silk textile wherein water extracts from acacia bark, henna leaves and pomegranate peels were used as bio-mordants [36]. Similarly, wool knitted fabric was subjected to dyeing using yellow and red fungal dyes produced by wood inhabiting Penicillium murcianum and Talaromyces australis, respectively [39]. The advanced natural dye extraction methods are supercritical fluid and compressed gas extraction, enzymes based extraction and microwave/ultrasonic radiation mediated technologies are superior in terms of dye yields and fabric colour strength, besides, are energy efficient and non-laborious [41]. Marine algal species belonging to brown (namely, Iyengaria stellata, Sargassum muticum, Colpomenia sinuosa) and red (Laurencia obtuse) algae also produce attractive dyes and pigments. Iron sulphate as pre-mordant and tannic acid as post-mordant served best in producing darker shades of dyed cotton fabric [40].
Chitosan-cyanuric chloride hybrid as an efficient novel bio-mordant for improvement of cochineal natural dye absorption on wool yarns
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019
Siyamak Safapour, Mousa Sadeghi-Kiakhani, Soheila Doustmohammadi
Carminic acid is the main coloring component of cochineal dye. The pKa for carboxyl group of carminic acid is 2.81 which indicates carminic acid will exist in carboxylate anion form at pH 7 and 4 but not at pH 2 (Mehrparvar et al., 2016b). Knowing these, therefore, at pH 7, due to the lack of protonated amino sites for absorption of dye anions, dye exhaustion is in the lowest level. At pH 4, amino groups of wool is fully protonated and the weak carboxylate anion of dye rapidly replaces that of acid due to its higher affinity resulting in appreciable enhancement in dye uptake. At pH 2, carboxylate anions of carminic acid turned into charge-less carboxyl groups and therefore a gradual decrease in ionic interactions and dye uptake occurred.
March of the Pigments: Color History, Science and Impact
Published in Ambix, 2023
To take another example, the effect of the variable proportion of yellow flavokermesic acid in kermes and Porphyrophora polonica on the colour obtained is a valid point, but there is no evidence that this was ever viewed as a disadvantage. The dyeing quality of the insects was assessed before purchase, so poor quality insects would not be bought. Kermes was rich enough in dye content to be one of the most valuable wool dyes in medieval and Renaissance Europe, although both kermes and Porphyrophora dyes could not compete with the superior dyeing power of cochineal in the long run.