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Odor Management I — Quantifying and Treating
Published in Roger T. Haug, of Compost Engineering, 2018
Terpenes are cycloalkane derivatives having one or more carbon rings and are a class of naturally occurring, organic compounds. Terpenes occur widely in the plant kingdom and are a major contributor to the fragrance of plants. For centuries the perfume industry has extracted these compounds by steam distillation or solvent extraction to produce mixtures called essential oils. Oils of lemon (limonene), geranium, rose, peppermint, turpentine (α-pinene), and eucalyptus (cineol) are examples of essential oils. These compounds have significant vapor pressures and would not be useful to perfumery if they did not. Pine trees naturally emit α-pinene at a rate of about 2760 μg/m2 of foliage per hour.2 Therefore, even plant materials can be expected to contribute odorant molecules when used as composting substrates. Wilber and Murray1 concluded that terpenes are important to any compost process that uses wood chips or sawdust. Terpenes can be found in concentrations ranging from 0 to 500 ppb and their odor threshold is about 6 ppb.
Monoterpenes Modulating IL-10
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Saravanan Shanmugam, Jullyana S. S. Quintans, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Luciana Scotti, Marcus T. Scotti, Adriano A. S. Araújo, Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior
1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) is a major monoterpenoid present in many plant volatile/essential oils, principally, the Rosmarinus and Eucalyptus species which are mainly used by the pharmaceutical industry in drug formulations, as a percutaneous penetration enhancer, and for its decongestant and anti-tussive effects, and in aromatherapy as a skin stimulant (Elaissi et al. 2012; Lima et al. 2013b). Santos et al. (2004) identified 1,8-cineole as a substance with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties, and to attenuate the colonic damage in rats with acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis, an animal model of the inflammatory bowel disease of humans. We found two previous studies of this 1,8-cineole compound in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis (Lima et al. 2013b) and the amelioration of bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis in mice by inhibiting the bacterial growth and NF-κB activation (Trinh et al. 2011). Lima et al. (2013b) reported that 1,8-cineole (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, per oral (p.o.) significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the cerulein-induced elevation of the serum amylase and lipase at all doses, a significant decrease in pancreatic edema was observed only at 200 and 400 mg/kg. Meanwhile, cerulein significantly (p > 0.05) elevated the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, whereas the level of serum IL-10 was decreased. Treatment with 1,8-cineole (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and thalidomide (200 mg/kg, p.o.) effectively decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, but the levels of IL-10 were increased. Also, the authors concluded that these changes in cytokine levels were significantly mitigated by 1,8-cineole pre-treatment, suggesting that it may have an important role in the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory response in Acute Pancreatitis (AP). By creating a balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, 1,8-cineole might exercise a therapeutic benefit for the control of acute pancreatitis. Trinh et al. (2011) also studied this compound and recommended that 1,8-cineole inhibited the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), and the activation of NF-κB and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
Biological control of Citrus brown spot pathogen, “Alternaria alternata” by different essential oils
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Taycir Grati Affes, Synda Chenenaoui, Hassen Zemni, Majdi Hammami, Sarra Bachkouel, Wissem Aidi Wannes, Bouzid Nasraoui, Moufida Saidani Tounsi, Salma Lasram
Essential oils of laurel, myrtle and peppermint were selected for this study due to their richness in bioactive components having a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Results showed that myrtle essential oil was rich in α-pinene (49.13%) and 1,8-cineole (31.08%), while peppermint essential oil in menthol (55.51%) and menthone (23.01%). The combined peppermint and myrtle essential oil was characterized by the predominance of menthol (35.36%) and 1,8-cineole (20.60%). 1,8-Cineole was the main component of the essential oils from laurel (49.13%), laurel + myrtle (37.15%) and peppermint + laurel (29.13%). The comparison of our results concerning laurel essential oil composition with most recent literature showed that 1,8-cineole percentage (49.13%) was lower than others in Tunisia with 56.0% (Snuossi et al. 2016) and Morocco with 52.43% (Derwich et al. 2009), but higher than that in Italy with 31.90% (Caputo et al. 2017) and Greece with 30.80% (Stefanova et al. 2020). In our study, the proportion of sabinene was 14.65%, higher than in the essential oils of others in Italy with 12.20% (Caputo et al. 2017), Morocco with 6.13% (Derwich et al. 2009), Greece with 7.90% (Stefanova et al. 2020) and Tunisia with 3.50% (Snuossi et al. 2016). For peppermint essential oil, all studies reported that menthol (35%–60%) and menthone (2%–44%) were the most abundant constituents (Wu et al. 2019; Eftekhari et al. 2021). Considering the predominant compounds, the literature revealed that essential oils of myrtle exhibited intraspecific variation of its chemical composition, thus several chemotypes are known for this essential oil. The most encountered chemotype was α-pinene varied from 25% to 60% (Al Mariri et al. 2016; Bekhechi et al. 2019; Bakhy et al. 2021) and sometimes 1,8-cineole (22–45.70%) (Hmiri et al. 2015; Bakhy et al. 2021) or linalool (18.60–30%) (Aleksic et al. 2014; Anwar et al. 2017). Other studies reported myrtenyl acetate (30.70%) (Pereira et al. 2009) or limonene (23.40%) (Hennia et al. 2015) as chemotypes.