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Chemicals from Paraffin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
The main use of acetic acid is to produce vinyl acetate (44%), followed by acetic acid esters (13%) and acetic anhydride (12%). Vinyl acetate is used for the production of adhesives, film, paper, and textiles. Acetic acid is also used to produce pharmaceuticals, dyes, and insecticides. Chloroacetic acid (from acetic acid) is a reactive intermediate used to manufacture many chemicals such as glycine and carboxymethyl cellulose.
Preparation of graphene oxide nanoparticles and their derivatives: Evaluation of their antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activity against 3T3 cell line
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Mohammadamin Saedi, Vahid Shirshahi, Mehdi Mirzaii, Mohammad Nikbakht
Graphene is a two-dimensional (2 D) sheet of carbon atoms in a hexagonal (honeycomb) configuration produced from graphite. Graphene oxide (GO) is the oxidized version of graphene. Due to oxygenated functional groups (epoxy, carboxyl, and hydroxyl), it has high solubility and dispersion in an aqueous environment. Eliminating functional groups on GO by thermal annealing or the chemical treatment produces reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which has low solubility in aqueous environments.[5] The chemical reaction of GO with chloroacetic acid under basic conditions leads to the transformation of the hydroxyl, epoxide, and ester groups into carboxylic acid (-COOH) moieties. This version of graphene is carboxylated graphene oxide (GO-COOH).[6] These graphene-based materials exhibit unique mechanical, electronic, and thermal properties with various potential applications in biomedicine.[1–7]
Chlorine and ozone disinfection and disinfection byproducts in postharvest food processing facilities: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Adam M.-A. Simpson, William A. Mitch
Starting in the early 1900s, chlorinating potable water supplies dramatically reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases, such as cholera, listeria, and typhoid (Li & Mitch, 2018). However, in the 1970s, analytical chemists discovered trihalomethanes (THMs) at concentrations of up to 160 µg/L as byproducts of chlorine reactions with natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water (Li & Mitch, 2018; Rook, 1974). Shortly thereafter, toxicologists and epidemiologists discovered an association between water chlorination and bladder cancer occurrence, with halogenated byproducts suspected to drive the risk (Li & Mitch, 2018). The US EPA has regulatory limits on only 11 DBPs in drinking water: ≤ 80 µg/L for the sum of 4 trihalomethanes (THMs; chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform), ≤60 µg/L for the sum of 5 haloacetic acids (HAAs; chloroacetic acid, bromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid), ≤ 1 mg/L chlorite and ≤ 10 µg/L bromate (USEPA, 2020). California has a 0.8 mg/L Notification Level for chlorate, (California Water Boards, 2020) and a 6 µg/L Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for perchlorate in drinking water (California Water Boards, 2007). Much of the research related to DBPs associated with chlorine sanitization of food in postharvest washing facilities has focused on the same small molecule DBPs that have been the focus of drinking water research.
An expedient, chemoselective N-chloroacetylation of aminoalcohols under metal-free bio-compatible conditions
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2018
It is known that slow hydrolysis of chloroacetyl chloride produces chloroacetic acid. However, under the reaction conditions employed, we did not see any appreciable hydrolysis. Therefore, we started exploring the effect of buffers. Citrate, oxalate and carbonate buffer (Table 2, entries 2–4) gave 2 as the major product, along with 7–12% of the ester (4). These reactions were completed within 20 min. The use of phosphate buffer (Table 2, entry 5) gave 77% of the anilide. It is important to mention the two distinct advantages with phosphate buffer: (i) the reaction was over within 20 min, and (ii) there was no ester formation. Although the yield of anilide was still not high compared to carbonate buffer, there is room for improvement. Finally, Tris and MES buffers (Table 2, entries 6, 7) gave around 80–83% of anilide, with 10–15% of esters.1