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Physical Properties of Individual Groundwater Chemicals
Published in John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton, Environmental Chemicals Desk Reference, 2017
John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton
Photolytic. Photolysis in the presence of nitrogen oxides yielded phosgene (carbonyl chloride) with minor amounts of carbon tetrachloride, dichloroacetyl chloride, and trichloroacetyl chloride (Howard, 1990). In sunlight, photolysis products reported include chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and trichloroacetic acid. Tetrachloroethylene reacts with ozone to produce a mixture of phosgene and trichloroacetyl chloride with a reported half-life of 8 days (Fuller, 1976). Reported photooxidation products in the troposphere include trichloroacetyl chloride and phosgene (Andersson et al., 1975; Gay et al., 1976; U.S. EPA, 1975). Phosgene is hydrolyzed readily to hydrogen chloride and carbon dioxide (Morrison and Boyd, 1971).
Challenges and Opportunities
Published in P.K. Tewari, Advanced Water Technologies, 2020
Disinfection by-products are formed when disinfectants used in water purification plants react with bromide and/or natural organic matter (i.e., decaying vegetation) present in the source water. Disinfectants produce different types or amounts of disinfection by-products. Trihalomethanes (THMs) are a group of chemicals which are formed along with other disinfection by-products when chlorine or other disinfectants react with naturally occurring organic and inorganic matter in water. Haloacetic acids are formed along with other disinfection by-products when chlorine or other disinfectants used to control microbial contaminants in drinking water react with naturally occurring organic and inorganic matter in water. The regulated haloacetic acids, known as HAA5, are: monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid. Bromate is formed when ozone used to disinfect drinking water reacts with naturally occurring bromide found in source water. Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form of nuclear radiation. Some of the minerals may emit forms of radiation known as beta radiation. People who over the years consume water containing alpha emitters or beta emitters in excess of prescribed limits may be at increased risk of developing cancer. Some people who over the years consume water containing radium 226 or 228 in excess of prescribed limit may also have an increased risk of developing cancer. Drinking water containing arsenic in excess of the standard limits may cause skin damage or problems in the long term, and may increase the risk of cancer. People consuming water containing fluoride levels over the prescribed limit may develop dental fluorosis. Higher fluoride content in water may also cause bone disease, including pain and tenderness.
A Study of Disinfection By-Products Formed Using Four Alternative Disinfectants as a Function of Precursor Characteristics
Published in A. Minear Roger, L. Amy Gary, Disinfection By-Products in Water Treatment, 2017
The influence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) on the operation and design of water treatment plants has been increasing since the early studies by Rook1 and Stevens et al.2 on trihalomethanes (THMs). Work conducted in the 1980s identified the existence of nonvolatile halogenated organics (non-THM organics), of which the majority produced by chlorination were haloacetic acids (HAAs).3,4 Within the HAAs, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) were the dominant members.
Assessment of potential cardiovascular risk in trichloroethylene exposure by serum methylated arginine levels
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Servet Birgin Iritas, Aybike Dip, Meside Gunduzoz, Lutfiye Tutkun, Vugar Ali Turksoy, Serdar Deniz, Gulsum Tekin, Ozgur Oztan, Ali Unlu
Inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure studies in animals and humans indicate that TCE is rapidly moves in the bloodstream, regardless of the exposure route, it diffuses to its target organs which include the liver, kidneys, and cardiovascular or nervous systems. Due to its lipophilic nature, it accumulates in fat tissue (ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2014). In humans, 40–75% of inhaled TCE is metabolized in the body. Major metabolites of TCE, in both humans and animals, are trichloroethanol, tricholoroethanol-glucuronide, and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark 2000). Metabolic products are excreted primarily via urine, and unabsorbed or nonmetabolized TCE is excreted by breathing (Johnson et al. 1998b). TCE exposure is measured by levels of trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic (TCA) metabolite in urine. Urinary TCA has slow half-life of about 52 h, so it is a convenient metabolite with its wide detectable time interval (ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2014). TCE itself also can be measured directly in blood or exhaled air (Ulander et al. 1992).