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Halogen-Based FRs
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
Chlorine-containing flame retardants belong to three chemical groups: aliphatic compounds, cycloaliphatic compounds, and aromatic compounds. Chlorinated paraffins are by far the most widely used aliphatic chlorine-containing flame retardants. They have applications in plastics, fabrics, paints, and coatings. Bis(hexachlorocyclopentadieno) cyclo-octane is a flame retardant having unusually good thermal stability for a chlorinated cycloaliphatic. In fact, this compound is comparable in thermal stability to brominated aromatics in some applications. It is used in several polymers, especially polyamides and polyolefins for wire and cable applications. Its principal drawback is the relatively high use levels required, compared to some brominated flame retardants (Pettigrew, 1993). Aromatic chlorinated flame retardants are not used for flame-retarding polymers.
Chlorinated Paraffins
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Lubricant Additives, 2017
Chlorinated paraffins are very useful materials in metalworking fluids and provide outstanding cost-effective performance, enhancing the operation in a very wide variety of applications. They are useful in both straight and soluble oils and are compatible with all manner of additives. They are very important tools in the metalworking fluid formulator toolbox.
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
The SCCP is a mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbon with carbon chain length of 10 to 13 carbon atoms, and chlorine content of 40 to 70%. MCCP also has similar chlorine content with carbon chain length of 14 to 17 while LCCPs have chain length of C18-C30 (Fiedler, 2010). SCCPs are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POP) and very bio-accumulative substances. Chlorinated paraffins are toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment at certain exposure levels, posing hazards to human health and the environment. However, LCCPs are much less toxic to aquatic life compared to the related short chain and medium chain CPs (Figure 9).
A new advance in the potential exposure to “old” and “new” halogenated flame retardants in the atmospheric environments and biota: From occurrence to transformation products and metabolites
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Shengtao Ma, Yingxin Yu, Yan Yang, Guiying Li, Taicheng An
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are highly complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes with different chlorination levels varied between 30 and 70 wt%, and produced by direct chlorination of n-alkanes feedstocks under UV irradiation and/or high temperature and pressure (Tomy, Fisk, Westmore, & Muir, 1998). They can be used as a lubricant for rubber, and a plasticizer and flame retardant for plastic materials, as well as an extreme pressure coolant and lubricant in some metalworking fluids (Zhang, Zhao, Xu, & Zhang, 2017). Based on the lengths of the carbon chain, CPs are subdivided into three categories, i.e., long (C18 − 30), medium (C14 − 17) and short (C10 − 13) chained CPs. Due to their widespread occurrence in the environment media, as well as their persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic properties, short-chained CPs, that is, SCCPs, are listed as POPs by the Stockholm Convention since 2017 (Zhuo, Ma, Li, Yu, & An, 2019), and their production and usage are also restricted and regulated. China is currently the most important manufacturer and largest consumer of CPs in the world with a production amount of 1.05 million tons in 2013 (Glüge et al., 2018), and contributed approximately 20 − 30% of the global production (Jiang et al., 2017). The total emissions of SCCPs to the atmosphere estimated was approximately 900 tons in 2014 in China (Zhang et al., 2017), which was about two orders magnitude higher than that of the global annual emission of PBDEs (Redfern et al., 2017). The major emission sources were located along the eastern and southern coastal regions, and the observed SCCPs were significantly higher in urban than that of rural and remote areas (Li, Mo, et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2013; Wei et al., 2016).
A review on biological occurrence, bioaccumulation, transmission and metabolism of chlorinated paraffins
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Weifang Chen, Jiyan Liu, Xingwang Hou, Guibin Jiang
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are classified as short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs (C10-13), MCCPs (C14-17), and LCCPs (C≥18), respectively), and are widely used in fire retardants, paints, sealants, and plasticizers (UNEP, 2017). Very short CPs (vSCCPs, C<10), the byproducts formed during CPs production, are released into the environment and have recently drawn increasing attention. The estimated commercial production of CPs was approximately 600 kt just in China in 2020, and the commercial use of CPs exceeded 1.3 million metric tons worldwide in 2020 (Chen, Chen, et al., 2022). SCCPs have been reported to be the most productive POPs with a historical amount of 8795 kt (Li et al., 2023) and listed in Index A of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) since 2017, which resulted in a significant increase in MCCPs and LCCPs production as substitutes. Commercially produced CPs are always a mixture of vSCCPs, SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, and are named according to the degree of chlorination, like CP-42, CP-52 and CP-70, and so on, which means that their chlorine contents are about 42%, 52%, and 70%. Different production processes of commercial CPs mixtures always cause diverse composition congeners. Chen, Chen, et al. (2022) estimated that SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs accounted for 28%, 57%, and 15% of the global production and use of CPs, respectively. Li et al. (2018) found that mass fractions of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs ranged 0.64–31.9%, 0.64–21.8%, and 0.04–43.9%, respectively, in three most commonly produced CP commercial mixtures (CP-42, CP-52, and CP-70). And the contents of SCCPs in these three commercial CP mixtures detected by Gao et al. (2016), were 3.1%, 40.2%, and 1.7%, respectively. Thus, besides main CPs, other congeners are also simultaneously released into the environment during the production, usage, transportation, and disposal processes.