China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries: Anthropogenic Effects, 2019
Chlordane, used as an agricultural and domestic pest control and insecticide, is mainly composed of polychloromethanoindenes.28 National Pesticide Monitoring Program estuarine bivalve monitoring activities from 1965 to 1972 and in 1977 did not detect chlordane (Figure 1 f) above the detection limit of 0.01 ppm wet weight in more than 8000 samples.22,26 During the National Pesticide Monitoring Program surveys from 1972 to 1976, however, chlordane was discerned in 39 samples of whole juvenile fish from five states, the highest concentration being recorded in samples from the island of Kauai in Hawaii. Analyses of fish livers from specimens collected by NO A A at 48 National Status and Trends sites in 1984 disclosed that two target compounds of chlordane, α-chlordane and trans-non-achlor, occurred in an average concentration of 0.038 ppm wet weight.25 In general, trans-nonachlor was present in greater quantities than α-chlordane. In nongovernmental studies, Hayes and Phillips,29 as part of the California Mussel Watch, documented a high frequency of chlordane compounds in shellfish. Kawano et al.,30 evaluating chlordane in samples of marine organisms collected in 1981 and 1982 from the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, found high levels of this contaminant, second only to those of DDT and PCBs. Results of these two studies indicate that chlordane compounds should continue to be monitored in estuarine and coastal marine organisms.
Percutaneous Absorption of Contaminants From Soil
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Ronald C. Wester, Daniel A. W. Bucks, Howard I. Maibach
Chlordane is an insecticide for which the commercial product is a mixture containing 60 to 75% of the pure compound and 25 to 40% of related compounds. The EPA has cancelled registration of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or top of nonfood plants. Therefore, knowledge of potential chlordane skin absorption from soil is important. Table 3 gives the percutaneous absorption of pure chlordane from soil and from an acetone solution (acetone quickly evaporated after application to skin). During in vitro absorption through human skin, a larger quantity of chlordane adhered to skin from direct deposit in acetone solution; however, quantities reaching the human plasma receptor fluid were the same. In vivo percutaneous absorption in the rhesus monkey showed that an equal quantity of chlordane was absorbed through skin from soil (4.2 ± 1.8%) and acetone solution (6.0 ± 2.0%). The affinity of chlordane for skin is further illustrated in the in vivo decontamination of rhesus monkey skin (Figure 2). It took several soap and water washes to remove chlordane from skin.14
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Exposures to chlordane cause adverse health effects and poisoning to animals and humans. The acute oral LD50 values of technical grade chlordane for the rat range from 137 to 590 mg/kg and acute dermal LD50 for the rabbit is 1720 mg/kg. Signs of acute chlordane intoxication include ataxia, convulsions, and cyanosis followed by death due to respiratory failure. Rats treated by gavage with 100 mg/kg once a day for 4 days had increased absolute liver weights; fatty infiltration of the liver; and increased serum triglyc-erides, creatine phosphokinase, and lactic acid dehydrogenase. Sheep treated by stomach tube with 500 mg/kg showed signs of intoxication, but recovered fully within 5-6 days; a dose of 1000 mg/kg resulted in death after 48 h.
Targeting gap junctional intercellular communication by hepatocarcinogenic compounds
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Kaat Leroy, Alanah Pieters, Andrés Tabernilla, Axelle Cooreman, Raf Van Campenhout, Bruno Cogliati, Mathieu Vinken
Aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane and endosulfan all are pesticides with a chlorinated dicyclopentadiene ring (Kataoka et al. 2016). Because of their non-genotoxic (hepato)carcinogenic effects (Manclus et al. 2004), their use is prohibited since the 1970s. However, given their long half-life, they are persistent organic pollutants able to remain present in agriculture fields for extended periods of time (Kataoka et al. 2016). In rat liver epithelial cells, GJIC is inhibited by endosulfan, chlordane, heptachlor or dieldrin (Kenne et al. 1994; Matesic et al. 1994; Rivedal and Opsahl 2001; Warngard et al. 1996). This phenomenon does not depend upon xenobiotic phase 1 biotransformation capacity, as indicated by experiments using CYP450 inhibitors in mouse hepatocytes, but is associated with alterations in Cx43 phosphorylation for endosulfan, heptachlor and chlordane (Ruch et al. 1990). In addition, dieldrin and heptachlor reduced Cx26 and Cx43 protein levels (Matesic et al. 1994).
The effect of typhoons on POPs in atmospheric particulates over the coastal islands of Fujian, southeast China
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Qibin Lao, Liping Jiao, Liqi Chen, Xia Sun, Fajin Chen, Guoqiang Liu, Chunhua Zhang
The toxicity assessment of OCP was also calculated by the equations described in risk assessment. When the average daily dose (ADD) <10−6 indicated a very low risk, and the values >10−4 indicated a high potential health risk, and the values between 10−6 and 10−4 denoted a potential risk (Ge et al.2013; Ding et al.2015). The calculated ADD of each OCP compound was showed in Table 1. Except for the typhoon Chanchu, the estimated cancer risks for DDT, chlordane, endosulfan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, and methoxychlor are <10−6, indicating the potential effect of those OCP compounds could be negligible. But the ADD values of each OCP compounds were between 10−6 and 10−4 during the typhoon Chanchu period, suggesting that a potential risk during the period. In addition, the estimated for total accumulation of OCPs was above the threshold value (10−4) during the typhoon Chanchu period indicated a high potential health risk.
Environmental contaminants and preeclampsia: a systematic literature review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Emma M. Rosen, MG Isabel Muñoz, Thomas McElrath, David E. Cantonwine, Kelly K. Ferguson
Due to their known human health and environmental risks, over 150 countries signed on to the Stockholm Convention, a 2001 treaty aimed at eliminating or restricting the use of some of the most toxic POP (United Nations Environment Programme 2013). The chemicals of interest may be placed into three categories: pesticides (aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene); industrial chemicals (hexachlorobenzene, PCB); and byproducts (hexachlorobenzene, dioxins, furans, and PCB). Although these compounds remain in the environment, it is important to note that the measures taken at the Stockholm Convention have resulted in declining environmental levels (Hung et al. 2010; Schuster et al. 2011; Venier and Hites 2010). Subsequently, levels of many POP measured in humans have been decreasing in recent years (Bjerregaard-Olesen et al. 2017; Fang et al. 2015; Mannetje et al. 2013).