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Sterilization Technique
Published in Tadahiro Ohmi, Ultraclean Technology Handbook, 2017
The aromatic polyamide low-pressure synthetic membranes are difficult to sterilize continuously because oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydrochlorite, cannot be applied to such membranes. Recently, however, it has been reported that combined chlorine disinfectants, such as chloramine-T, can be fed quantitatively and intermittently. It was confirmed that stable performance can be assured for the RO system if the operation conditions are observed carefully.
Effects of Chloramine T on zebrafish embryos malformations associated with cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Carla Letícia Gediel Rivero-Wendt, Luana Garcia Fernandes, Andreza Negreli dos Santos, Igor Leal Brito, Jeandre Augusto dos Santos Jaques, Edson dos Santos dos Anjos, Carlos Eurico Fernandes
Chloramine T (CL-T) is a broad-spectrum biocidal disinfectant used in livestock, slaughterhouses, industries, and fish farms (Haneke 2002; Quezada-Rodriguez et al. 2022). Chloramines are a combination of ammonia and chlorine. In air pure chlorine dissipates quickly when exposed to air. In water, chloramines are stable providing prolonged disinfection. Fish farms play an important role in developing safe food for the population. However, substances as well as their residues used to protect the fish production might enter the aquatic environment inducing changes in non-target organisms (Nadal et al. 2020). In addition chemical accumulation might result in environmental pollution (Quesada-Garcia et al. 2013; Agoba et al. 2017; Bahadır et al. 2019). In fish farms, large-scale production fish might suffer injuries attributed to external microbial exposure and these microbes are assumed to act as contamination propagation agents that require disinfection (Bentes et al. 2022; Soleimani and Sattari 2017).