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Biodiesel Additives
Published in Ozcan Konur, Biodiesel Fuels, 2021
Mukul Tomar, Hansham Dewal, Lakhan Kumar, Naveen Kumar, Navneeta Bharadvaja
The combustion characteristics of any fuel are commonly governed by its chemical composition. One of the important combustion properties is how quickly the air–fuel mixture will ignite inside the engine within the optimum time. As the fuel ignition is a radical-driven reaction so the optimum dosage of fuel additives has a considerable impact on ignition properties, i.e. by enhancing or retarding the ability for ignition. In this section, we demonstrate the effect of using different kinds of additives on the combustion parameters of the biodiesel–diesel fuel blends inside the diesel engine.The effect on combustion characteristics by adding a metal-based additive (Mg) in the fuel blend containing 90 vol% of diesel and 10 vol% of biodiesel (D90B10) was analyzed by Guru et al. (2010). A single cylinder four-stroke direct injection compression ignition engine was used for the analysis. The results illustrated an expeditious rise in cylinder pressure which is related to the combustion of fuel starting earlier with the use of the additive and the maximum engine cylinder gas pressure was also being slightly higher than that of neat diesel. The study also reported a significant increase in the cetane index of fuel blends with the addition of the additive. Hence, a short ignition delay was observed for B10 which gives a clear indication of a lower heat release rate in the premixed combustion as compared to diesel fuel.
Biofuel Quality for Internal Combustion Engines
Published in K.A. Subramanian, Biofueled Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines, 2017
The cetane number is generally measured using a CFR engine or Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) as per ASTM D613 test procedure. The cetane index (ASTM D4737) is also calculated using measured physicochemical properties of fuel (fuel density and distillation temperatures). The cetane number is directly measured using the research engine/IQT system whereas the cetane index is a correlated parameter obtained from fuel properties. The cetane number of alternative liquid fuels (with more of a paraffin structure) can be measured using the engine but calculation of the cetane index is limited to certain fuels as it may not be calculated by correlating it with properties of alternative fuels or biofuels. For example, the diesel index is calculated using aniline point and specific gravity. The aniline point correlates with paraffin or aromatics and it is higher with paraffin compounds and lower with aromatics and vice versa. However, diesel index type correlation cannot be derived for biodiesel or F-T diesel because these fuels do have aromatic compounds.
A Comparative Study of Catalysts for the Deep Aromatic Reduction in Hydrotreated Gas Oil
Published in Michael C. Oballa, Stuart S. Shih, Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Petroleum and Distillates, 2020
N. Marchal, S. Kasztelan, S. Mignard
Aromatics and sulfur in diesel fuels will be severely limited in the near future in Europe, Japan and the USA. High aromatics content in diesel fuel is known to lower the fuel quality as aromatics have low cetane index (1). In addition, aromatics in diesel fuel have been reported to contribute significantly to undesired emissions in exhaust gases from diesel engines (2,3). Diesel fuel contains also higher amount of sulfur man gasoline.
Environmental effect of CI engine using microalgae biofuel with nano-additives
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Vijayan Venkatraman, Sivachandran Sugumar, Saravanan Sekar, Sivakumar Viswanathan
Cetane number is a prime indicator of the quality of a fuel used in CI engines. It is an adimensionless descriptor which is related to ID time (the time that passes between injection of the fuel and onset of the ignition). The cetane number requirement of an engine varies depending on engine size, engine speed, load variations, starting conditions and atmospheric conditions. Since a diesel engine ignites the fuel without a spark, proper cetane levels are very important. The air/fuel mixture is ignited by the combination of compression and heating of the air due to compression. The fuel injected into the cylinder at the precise time ignition is desired to optimize performance, economy, and emissions. Table 2 represents the values of cetane number for tested fuels. Increasing fuel cetane number reduces fuel consumption, although it is still high at low loads. Increasing fuel’s cetane number improves combustion and raises combustion chamber temperatures. It is concluded that increasing combustion chamber temperatures gives low fuel delay period and gives better ignition for the addition of ZrO2 nanoparticles. Cetane index is used as a substitute for the cetane number of diesel fuel. The cetane index is calculated based on the fuel’s density and distillation range.
Synthesis and characterization of Salicornia bigelovii and Salicornia brachiata halophytic plants oil extracted by supercritical CO2 modified with ethanol for biodiesel production via enzymatic transesterification reaction using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase catalyst in tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) solvent
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2019
Adewale Johnson Folayan, Paul Apeye Lucky Anawe, Augustine Omoniyi Ayeni
The cetane index is a dimensionless scale to numerically quantify fuel ignition quality. Higher cetane index undoubtedly corresponds to shorter ignition delay time and better ignition quality (Knothe, 2005b). The S. brachiata oil and its biodiesel has cetane number of 50 and 52.60, respectively (Tables 7 and 8) and thus better ignition quality (Azam, Waris, & Nahar, 2005). Whereas, the S. bigelovii and its biodiesel have ignominiously lower cetane number of 38.93 and 42.05, respectively. These values totally violate the European and American standard minimum requirements of 51 and 47, respectively (Table 6). This lower cetane number can be attributed to higher degree of unsaturation in the S. bigelovii fatty acid profile. S. bigelovii is principally composed of 75.14% of poly-unsaturated linoleic acid (Table 1). Meanwhile linoleic acid has ridiculously low cetane value of 36.8 and 38.2 as measured by Bangboye and Hansen (2008) and Knothe, Matheaus, and Ryan (2003), respectively. While saturated palmitic acid methyl ester has a value of 85.9 and stearic is 101. Fuels with low cetane number usually cause improper injection timing and knocking of the engine (Harwood, 1984).
Combustion, vibration, and noise characteristics of direct injection VCR diesel engine fuelled with Mesua ferrea oil methyl ester blends
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
S. Jaikumar, S. K. Bhatti, V. Srinivas, R. Satyameher, S. B. Padal, D. Chandravathi
The physicochemical properties were assessed meant for MFOME as per the ASTM standards. It was observed that the properties were contained using ASTM range. The cetane index was improved which in turn result in enhanced combustion characteristics. Further, the copper corrosion has a better grade which influences the corrosion properties. The calorific value of MFOME was observed less due to higher moisture content present in the oil (Cecrle et al. 2012). Also, the density and viscosity of the MFOME were observed to maintaining within the ASTM standards range. The physicochemical properties of MFOME were presented in Table 1.