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Applications of Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Gliomas
Published in Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib, Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Gerardo Caruso, Elena Fazzari, Salvator M. Cardali, Maria Caffo
Among the invasive methods, the most commonly used is the intravascular or intraventricular administration of the medication by using catheters. Unfortunately, these strategies are burdened by important side effects, such as infections or catheter obstruction. Chemotherapeutic agents can also be administered locally through the implanting of microparticles of polymeric, biodegradable and non-degradable, materials, encapsulating drugs inside them; for example, Gliadel wafer is a polymeric material containing carmustine that, after being positioned in the tumor resection cavity, releases the medication for 5 days. The results of this treatment, in terms of median survival time, were very encouraging; in fact, there was an increase of the median survival time by about two months, compared to untreated patients [35]. However, this method is also subject to different side effects, such as edema caused by the high concentration of carmustine and the obstructive hydrocephalus determined by the dislocation of the wafer [35].
Pulmonary reactions to chemotherapeutic agents: the ‘chemotherapy lung’
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Fabien Maldonado, Andrew H Limper
Carmustine is an alkylating agent related to nitrogen mustard. This drug is used in the treatment of various haematological malignancies and solid tumours, including lymphomas, breast cancers and melanomas. Its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier makes this agent particularly valuable in the treatment of brain tumours. Unfortunately, it has been associated with several types of pulmonary toxicity, with the very characteristic potential to cause delayed-onset pulmonary fibrosis. Carmustine-related lung toxicity and fibrosis typically involves the upper lobes.53,54 This process may occur many years after discontinuation of treatment.55
Formulation of Depot Delivery Systems
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Christopher A. Rhodes, Nikita Malavia
In some cases, such as cancer treatment, it may be desirable to limit drug exposure to the site of action and minimize systemic exposure altogether. The GLIADEL® wafer, approved in the U.S. in 1996, is a microsphere depot formulation of carmustine pressed into a wafer, that is implanted at the surgical site after brain tumor resection for glioblastoma, is one example of this approach.6 Intra-articular injection of corticosteroid depots is another example where local effects at the site of action can be maximized relative to systemic effects.7
Carnosic acid exhibits antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in tumoral NCI-H460 and nontumoral IMR-90 lung cells
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Amanda Cristina Corveloni, Simone Cristine Semprebon, Adrivanio Baranoski, Bruna Isabela Biazi, Thalita Alves Zanetti, Mário Sérgio Mantovani
Carnosic acid possesses many important biological activities including antimicrobial (Del Campo, Amiot, and Nguyen-The 2000; Klancnik et al. 2009; Moreno et al. 2006; Park, Rho, and Kim 2019), antioxidant (Basappa Maheswarappa et al. 2014; Jordán et al. 2012; Loussouarn et al. 2017; Moreno et al. 2006), and anti-inflammatory (Arranz et al. 2015; de Oliveira, de Souza, and Fürstenau 2018) properties. CA also exhibits antiproliferative effects against several types of cancer cell in vitro, such as human cervical cancer (Su et al. 2016), chronic myeloid leukemia (Liu et al. 2018), colon cancer (Sánchez-Camargo et al. 2016), glioblastoma (Cortese et al. 2016), lung cancer (Bahri et al. 2017; Shi et al. 2017), melanoma (Park et al. 2014), renal carcinoma (Min, Jung, and Kwon 2014), human prostate (Bourhia et al. 2019) and hepatocellular carcinoma (Zhang et al. 2017). CA was also found to display antitumor activities in vivo by inhibition of HepG2 and SMMC-7721 xenograft tumor growth in nude mice as well as human cervical cancer CaSki tumor xenograft model (Su et al. 2016). Several investigators suggested the use of CA as a complementary agent in anticancer therapy (Gonzalez-Vallinas, Reglero, and Molina 2015). In particular, combined treatment with CA was found to enhance the anticancer effects of carmustine and lomustine (Lin et al. 2018), β-lapachone (Arakawa et al. 2018), fisetin (Shi et al. 2017), tamoxifen (Han et al. 2017), temozolomide (Shao et al. 2019), and trastuzumab (D’Alesio et al. 2017). In addition, concomitant incubation with CA and cyclic glucans improved the antimicrobial activity of the rosemary extract (Park, Rho, and Kim 2019). The anticancer activity of CA is related to (1) cell cycle arrest at the G2/M (Cortese et al. 2016; Liu et al. 2018; Su et al. 2016) and G1 (Bahri et al. 2017) phases, (2) endoplasmic reticulum stress (Min, Jung, and Kwon 2014; Su et al. 2016), (3) migration inhibition (Park et al. 2014), (4) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (Min, Jung, and Kwon 2014; Su et al. 2016), and (5) apoptosis induction (Bahri et al. 2017; Cortese et al. 2016; Liu et al. 2018; Min, Jung, and Kwon 2014; Su et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2017).