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Petroleum Origin and Generation
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
Carbon exists in many chemical forms on earth. It is abundantly found in nature in gaseous and solid states, both in organic and inorganic forms. Diamond and graphite are pure carbon solids and carbon dioxide is gas. Carbon is associated with all forms of organisms. Carbon is closely linked with other elements of life, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, etc. Living organisms are mostly composed of carbon compounds, and their survival is linked to the carbon-rich organic food materials. Carbon compounds are continuously being created, consumed, transferred and decomposed in the land and ocean environments. Balancing and following the fate of carbon during these transformations is known as the ‘carbon cycle’. If one balances the creation and consumption of oxygen in land and ocean that is known as the ‘oxygen cycle’. Similarly following the fate of nitrogen during transformation on land and ocean is ‘nitrogen cycle’. Terms like ‘food chain’ or ‘food cycle’ are interrelated to the organic carbon cycle. Phytoplankton is a source of food and subsistence for zooplankton. Zooplankton in turn is consumed by larger carnivorous animals and fishes (food cycle).
Basic Chemical Principles
Published in John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella, Chemistry of Pyrotechnics, 2019
John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella
The element carbon (atomic number 6, symbol C) is almost always found in nature covalently bonded to other carbon atoms or to a variety of other elements (most commonly H, O, and N). Due to the presence of carbon-containing compounds in all living things, the chemistry of carbon compounds is known as organic chemistry.2 Most high explosives are organic compounds. TNT (trinitrotoluene), for example, consists of C, H, N, and O atoms, with a molecular formula of C7H5N3O6. When TNT detonates, it produces a mixture of stable, small molecules such as N2, CO2, and H2O as reaction products. We will encounter other organic compounds in our study of fuels and binders in energetic mixtures.
2 Sequestration
Published in Ashok Kumar, Swati Sharma, 2 Utilization, 2020
Anirban Biswas, Suvendu Manna, Papita Das
Carbon is one of the most versatile types of elements found in Earth. Due to its allotropic nature, carbon forms two completely different compounds by rearranging the adjacent carbon atoms. Since the last few decades, carbon compounds in nanodimensions are being synthesized and being used for many advanced and innovative applications. Carbon-based nanomaterials with different forms, e.g. tube, spherical, ellipsoids, or sheets, are frequently being synthesized. In this subsection, each type of carbonaceous nanomaterials along with their application potential will be briefly discussed.
Utilisation of Desmodesmus subspicatus LC172266 for simultaneous remediation of cassava wastewater and accumulation of lipids for biodiesel production
Published in Biofuels, 2019
Innocent Okonkwo Ogbonna, Otsai Otsima Okpozu, Joseph Ikwebe, James Chukwuma Ogbonna
The inexorably increasing anthropogenic activities and energy needs for heating and transportation are currently met mostly by fossil fuels, the combustion of which inevitably leads to increase in atmospheric carbon compounds. The methods of energy generation nowadays are not compatible with the environment as the use of sequestered hydrocarbon fossil fuels comes at a huge cost to the environment which is threatening the existence of mankind on earth with pollution and global warming. This is also more worrisome when there is a consideration that conventional petroleum is essentially non-renewable. Intertwined with this practical impediment is an apparent moral dilemma of environmental pollution arising from its very usage [1].