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Published in Natan B. Vargaftik, Lev P. Filippov, Amin A. Tarzimanov, Evgenii E. Totskii, Yu. A. Gorshkov, Handbook of Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases, 2020
Natan B. Vargaftik, Lev P. Filippov, Amin A. Tarzimanov, Evgenii E. Totskii, Yu. A. Gorshkov
Capric acid (decanoic acid) C9H9COOH. Thermal conductivity of liquid capric acid [187, 192] is given below T,K …………………..310330350370390410430450460λ·103,W/(mK)….150147144141137134131127126
Changes and correlation analysis of volatile compounds, key enzymes, and fatty acids in lemon flavedo under different drying methods
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Jiaqi Hu, Xiyun Sun, Feifei Yang, Hongwei Xiao, Chunju Liu, Xiaojie Duan, Yulong Wu, Haiou Wang
The fatty acid changes in lemon flavedo that occur after drying are shown in Table 2. Eleven fatty acids were detected in the lemon flavedo, namely, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, heptadecanoic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and γ-linolenic acid. Regarding the various fatty acid contents, fresh lemon flavedo contained the most amount of oleic acid at 2.02 ± 0.06 mg/g, followed by capric acid, caprylic acid, and tridecanoic acid at 0.86 ± 0.01 mg/g, 0.60 ± 0.01 mg/g, and 0.21 ± 0.02 mg/, respectively. Meanwhile, the rest of the fatty acids were less than 0.20 mg/g. For the three drying methods (IFD, CFD, and AD), the fatty acid content of each type showed an overall decreasing trend as the drying process proceeded. In the IFD process, the loss of fatty acid content was faster during the 0.5 h pre-freezing of FD, followed by a slow decreasing trend. The trend of total fatty acid content observed using the CFD method was similar to that of IFD, but the total amount was significantly lower than that of IFD during and after the freeze-drying process, the loss rate of the total fatty acid content was 72.95%, whereas that in another FD method, IFD was the lowest at 56.54%. The loss in the fatty acid content of AD-treated samples was higher than that of FD-treated samples at 77.38%. In a comprehensive way, the fatty acid loss rate in the three drying methods was AD > IFD > CFD; in the FD method, the fatty acid content loss rate of IFD was greater than that of CFD.
Microemulsion fuel formulation from used cooking oil with carbinol as the dispersion phase
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
There are also free fatty acids (FFA) in UCO as a result of repeated heating of the oil. The concentration of free fatty acids in used cooking oil from institutional cafeterias was found to be lower than that of many other places (for example, fast-food restaurants), even though the replacement rate of the cooking oil should be faster. Gas chromatography analysis of the sample was conducted, and Table 3 describes the fatty acid composition of the oil sample. The identified fatty acid composition consisted of saturated, monosaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid are the saturated fatty acid compositions. The monosaturated fatty acid composition is oleic acid, and the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition is linoleic acid.
Thermal characterisation of dairy washed scum methyl ester and its b-20 blend for combustion applications
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Vinay Atgur, G. Manavendra, G.P. Desai, B. Nageswara Rao
DWMS oil exhibits exothermic reaction at high temperature with less enthalpy (see Figure 10). Cetane number of DWMS oil may not be a source for combustion engine. Scum oil combustion reaction takes place slowly due to the decomposition of triglyceride molecules and small molecules. Reaction region for scum oil is 62– 80°C with a peak temperature of 284.4°C and an enthalpy of 9.12 J/g. For large-sized oil molecules, scum oil contents have 91.31% saturated compounds (viz., lauric acid, myristic acid, caprylic acid and capric acid.) in accordance with previous studies of Conceição et al. (2007) and Dantas et al. (2011). Peak combustion temperature is expected to be high when compared to other fuels. Combustion of hydrocarbons in an oxidising environment exhibits exothermic reaction. Combustion of oil samples exhibits evaporation zone additionally.